Ehmetjan Qasimi
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Ehmetjan Qasim ( ug, ئەخمەتجان قاسىمى; April 15, 1914 – August 27, 1949) was the president of the
Second East Turkestan Republic The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a short-lived satellite state of the Soviet Union in northwest Xinjiang (East Turkestan), between November 12, 1944, and December 22, 1949. To differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933 ...
.劉學銚,新疆史論,知書房,2013年2月,,第192頁杜榮坤、紀大椿、任一飛、劉文遠,新疆三區革命史鑑,中國社會科學出版社,第161頁 He was a Uyghur political leader in
East Turkistan East Turkestan ( ug, شەرقىي تۈركىستان, Sherqiy Türkistan, bold=no; zh, s=东突厥斯坦; also spelled East Turkistan), is a loosely-defined geographical and historical region in the western provinces of the People's Republic of ...
, and also the vice chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Coalition Government. Ehmetjan was born in Ghulja in 1914. He studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow in 1936 and was a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union. Ehmetjan was described as "Stalin's man" and as a "communist-minded progressive".Forbes 1986, p. 174
/ref> Qasim russified his surname to "Kasimov" and became a member of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Hymn of the Bolshevik Party" , headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow , general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first) Mikhail Gorbachev (last) , founded = , banned = , founder = Vladimir Lenin , newspaper ...
.


Life and political career

Ehmetjan was born in Ghulja (
Yining YiningThe official spelling according to (), also known as Ghulja ( ug, غۇلجا) or Qulja ( kk, قۇلجا) and formerly Ningyuan (), is a county-level city in Northwestern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China and the seat of the Ili Kazakh A ...
in Chinese) in 1914. He studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow in 1936 and was a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union. Ehmetjan was described as "Stalin's man" and as a "communist-minded progressive". Qasim Russified his surname to "Kasimov" and became a member of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Hymn of the Bolshevik Party" , headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow , general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first) Mikhail Gorbachev (last) , founded = , banned = , founder = Vladimir Lenin , newspaper ...
. He was a member of the governing council of the
Second East Turkestan Republic The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a short-lived satellite state of the Soviet Union in northwest Xinjiang (East Turkestan), between November 12, 1944, and December 22, 1949. To differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933 ...
, a Soviet-backed administration founded in three northwestern districts of Xinjiang during the
Ili Rebellion The Ili Rebellion () (Üch Wiläyt inqilawi) was a Uyghur separatist movement backed by the Soviet Union against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1944. After the start of the rebellion, the rebels established the Provision ...
in November 1944. Qasimi himself was not involved with the planning of the rebellion. The Second ETR was initially led by
Elihan Tore Elihan Tore ( Uyghur: ئەلىخان تۆرە; ; 21 March 1884 – 28 February 1976) was the 1st president of the Second East Turkestan Republic. He was born in Tokmok, formerly known as Balasagun, Kyrgyzstan and in 1920 he escaped from the So ...
, who favored forming a conservative Islamic government.Mark Dickens, "The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949"Last Accessed 2010-11-14
/ref> Tore was placed under house arrest in the Soviet Union in 1946, under the orders of Stalin. Qasimi was a leader of the pro-Soviet East Turkistan Turkic People's National Liberation Committee (ETTPNLC). In June 1946, Qasimi tried to reach a political agreement with the Nationalist Chinese leader Zhang Zhizhong to form a coalition provincial government in Dihua (present day Urumqi). The Second ETR was to be disbanded in name but the three districts retained autonomy. As a leader of the three districts, Qasimi called for unity and support for his government and rejected the coalition provincial government. He explained that the people of East Turkistan had risen in rebellion only to secure their rights under the Chinese constitution. Benson 1990:86 He led a delegation to the Chinese National Assembly Nanjing to negotiate bi-lateral relations between ETR and the Republic of China. In the summer of 1949, as Chinese Nationalists were losing the civil war to the Chinese Communists, the Soviet Union planned for ETR leaders to switch sides. On August 22, 1949, Vasiliy Borisov, the Soviet Vice-Consul at Yining, accompanied ETR leadership in auto trip to USSR for urgent talks with Soviet officials about future of ETR, where they were told to cooperate with Communist Party of China. They were invited by Chinese Communist leader, Mao Zedong to attend the First
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC, zh, 中国人民政治协商会议), also known as the People's PCC (, ) or simply the PCC (), is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of ...
in Beijing to prepare for the founding of the People's Republic of China. On August 24, 1949, Ehmetjan, Abdulkerim Abbas,
Ishaq Beg Munonov Ishaq Beg Munonov, also Isḥāq Beg, (; Kyrgyz: ىساقبەك مونونوۋ/Isakbek Mononov; ug, ئىسھاق بەگ مۇنونوپ/Ishaq Beg Munonop; russian: Ысакбек Монуев) (1902 or 1903-1949) was an ethnic Kyrgyz leader in Xin ...
, Dalelkhan Sugirbayev,
Luo Zhi Luo Zhi (; also Lo Zu; Benson 1990: 175 1915 – 1949), born Luo Changsheng (罗长生), was a revolutionary activist and leader in Xinjiang just prior to the Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China in 1949. Early life Luo ...
and other top ETR representatives (11 men in all) boarded a plane in
Almaty Almaty (; kk, Алматы; ), formerly known as Alma-Ata ( kk, Алма-Ата), is the List of most populous cities in Kazakhstan, largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of about 2 million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to ...
, the capital of the Kazakh SSR, for Beijing. On September 3, the Soviet Union informed
Saifuddin Azizi Saifuddin Azizi ( ug, سەيپىدىن ئەزىزى; 12 March 1915 – 24 November 2003), also known as Seypidin Azizi, Saif al-Dīn ʿAzīz, Saifuding Aizezi and Saifuding, was the first chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the ...
, another leader of the ETR, who was not on the flight that the plane had crashed near
Lake Baikal Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Repu ...
en route to Beijing, killing all on board. Saifuddin later secured the role of regional Chairman of Xinjiang, a job he kept from 1955 to 1978, with a brief respite during the Cultural Revolution. News of plane crash and death of Ehmetjan was not publicly announced in Xinjiang until early December, after the People's Liberation Army had secured the region. The ETR was officially dissolved on December 20, 1949.


Family

Ehmetjan Qasimi was married in January 1945 to Mahinur Qasim (Maynor Kasim; ماھىنۇر قاسىم), a native of Korgas County in Ili.(Chinese
回忆阿合买提江(上下)
/ref> The couple had a son and a daughter. In 1952, Mahinur Qasim became the mayor of Yining and joined the Chinese Communist Party. She later served as a member of
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (NPCSC) is the permanent body of the National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which is the highest organ of state po ...
and a vice chair of the All-China Women's Federation. She has been a prominent advocate of women and children's rights.(Chinese
自治区领导会见玛依努尔·哈斯木祝贺她荣获中国内藤国际育儿奖
2002-12-18
Her memoir of her husband, ''Remembering Ehmetijan'', was published in China in 2011.


Legacy

In the People's Republic of China, Ehmetjan Qasimi is remembered as a fighter in the struggle against the Nationalist regime. Among the Uyghurs and other Turkic inhabitants of East Turkistan he is remembered as a national hero, and fighter who gave his life defending the independence of East Turkistan. His remains were returned to China in April 1950 and later reburied in a memorial cemetery in Yining. The cemetery has a stele with calligraphy by Mao Zedong, praising Qasimi and the others who died with him for their contributions to the Chinese civil war and mourning their death en route to the Inaugural
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC, zh, 中国人民政治协商会议), also known as the People's PCC (, ) or simply the PCC (), is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of ...
in Beijing.(Chinese
"三区革命烈士陵园(三区革命历史纪念馆):伊宁市" ''人民网''
2008-10-18


See also

* First East Turkestan Republic *
Second East Turkestan Republic The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a short-lived satellite state of the Soviet Union in northwest Xinjiang (East Turkestan), between November 12, 1944, and December 22, 1949. To differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933 ...
*
Ili Rebellion The Ili Rebellion () (Üch Wiläyt inqilawi) was a Uyghur separatist movement backed by the Soviet Union against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1944. After the start of the rebellion, the rebels established the Provision ...
* Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China


Notes


References


Bibliography

* Abdurakhman Abay, ''Ahmetjan Qasimi Haqqida Hikayilar'', Urumqi: Xinjiang Peoples Publishing (1984) * * * Zordun Sabir, ''Anayurt'', Almaty: Nash Mir (2006)


External links


The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911-1949)by Mark Dickens
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasim, Ehmetjan Qasimi, Ehmetjan People from Ili 1949 deaths 1914 births Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union Communist University of the Toilers of the East alumni Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union