Edward Angle
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Edward Hartley Angle (June 1, 1855 – August 11, 1930) was an American
dentist A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry (the diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the mouth, oral cavity and other aspects of the craniofaci ...
, widely regarded as "the father of American
orthodontics Orthodontics is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as dentofacial ...
". He was trained as a dentist, but made orthodontics his speciality and dedicated his life to standardizing the teaching and practice of orthodontics. He founded the
Angle School of Orthodontia Angle School of Orthodontia was the first school of orthodontics in the world, established by Edward Angle in 1899. The school taught its students orthodontics over a period of 3–6 weeks. The school graduated 183 students until it closed in 1927. ...
in 1899 in St. Louis and schools in other regions of the United States.


Life

He was born to Philip Casebeer Angle and Isabel Erskine Angle in
Herricks, New York Herricks is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 4,295 at the 2010 census. It is an unincorporated area, and is located in the southern part of Town of Nort ...
. He was fifth of the seven children. During his childhood years he demonstrated early talent of working with tools and machinery including hay rake. He attended high school in
Canton, Pennsylvania Canton is a borough in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 1,723 at the 2020 census. Geography Canton is located in southwestern Bradford County at (41.655805, -76.850706), in ...
. Before joining dental school, he worked for a local dentist from 1874 to 1876. He studied at the
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery (sometimes referred to informally as the Pennsylvania Dental College) was founded in 1856 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and was the second oldest operating school of dentistry in the United St ...
and became a dentist in 1878.Gruenbaum, Tamar. Famous Figures in Dentistry ''Mouth - JASDA'' 2010;30(1):18 He then started working in town of
Towanda, Pennsylvania Towanda is a borough and the county seat of Bradford County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania and is located northwest of Wilkes-Barre, on the Susquehanna River. The name means "burial ground" in the Algon ...
soon after his graduation. In 1881, he developed chronic respiratory problem which forced him to move to Minnesota for few months. As soon as his health improved, he came back to Pennsylvania to eventually move to Montana to open a sheep-ranching business with his older brother Mahlon. In 1882, he moved to
Minneapolis Minneapolis () is the largest city in Minnesota, United States, and the county seat of Hennepin County. The city is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls. Minneapolis has its origins ...
after the Winter of 1882 killed the sheep at his ranch. He married Florence A Canning in March 1887 and had a daughter named Florence Elizabeth Angle. In 1904 Angle served as the Chairman of the Orthodontics section at the fourth International Dental Congress in St. Louis. He married Anna Hopkins in St. Louis in 1908 after getting divorced from his earlier wife. Before marrying Dr. Angle, Anna had earned her DDS degree from
University of Iowa College of Dentistry The University of Iowa College of Dentistry is the dental school of the University of Iowa. It is located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It is the only dental school in Iowa and is one of only two dental colleges in the United States to offe ...
in 1902. He moved to
Larchmont, New York Larchmont is a village located within the Town of Mamaroneck in Westchester County, New York, approximately northeast of Midtown Manhattan. The population of the village was 5,864 at the 2010 census. In February 2019, Bloomberg ranked Lar ...
, with Anna in 1908, where he taught a 6-week course through his school. He eventually moved to
New London, Connecticut New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the mouth of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut. It was one of the world's three busiest whaling ports for several decades ...
, in 1911, in a Tudor Revival custom design house located at 58 Bellevue Place, sold to him by a New London great architect, Dudley St. Clair Donnelly, where he continued teaching, but due to health reasons he was forced to leave to
Pasadena, California Pasadena ( ) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley. Old Pasadena is the city's original commercial district. I ...
. He eventually opened his school in his new Tudor revival home, designed by the same architect of 58 Bellevue Place, in Pasadena in 1917.


Early career

In 1886, he took a position as a faculty to teach comparative anatomy and orthodontia at the
University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Tw ...
. He at the same time maintained his private practice of dentistry in Minneapolis. Angle's original interest was in prosthodontics, and he taught in that department in the dental schools at Pennsylvania and Minnesota in the 1880s. In 1887, he published a 14-page paper in a textbook by Loomis Haskell, which eventually became to known as his "first" edition of the seven editions he published of his famous book. He was then elected as the President of the Minneapolis City Dental Society in 1888 after which he published his second edition of the textbook in 1890. He resigned his position as a faculty at the University of Minnesota and officially limited his practice towards Orthodontics. In 1892, he published his third edition of the textbook called "''The angle system of regulation and retention of teeth.'' The fourth edition, ''The angle system of regulation and retention of teeth and treatment of fractures of maxillae'', was published in 1895. He then relocated to St. Louis, Missouri with his family and his assistant, Anna Hopkins whom he hired her in 1892. He earned his Medical degree from Marion Sims College in 1897. From 1892 to 1898 he was a professor of orthodontics at the
Northwestern University Dental School The Northwestern University Dental School closed in 2001, 110 years after opening in 1891. Its first dean was Edgar Swain. According to the trustees, the mentioned financial stresses and reputation as reasons for the closure of the program. Histo ...
, between 1886 and 1899 he was a professor of orthodontics at the Marion Sims College of Medicine and from 1897 to 1899 at the Washington University Medical Department. He published the sixth edition of his textbook in 1900.


Orthodontics

In November 1899, he taught a Postgraduate course on orthodontia in his office in St. Louis where his students urged him to create a school for teaching Orthodontics. He founded the
Angle School of Orthodontia Angle School of Orthodontia was the first school of orthodontics in the world, established by Edward Angle in 1899. The school taught its students orthodontics over a period of 3–6 weeks. The school graduated 183 students until it closed in 1927. ...
in
St. Louis St. Louis () is the second-largest city in Missouri, United States. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while the bi-state metropolitan area, which e ...
,
Missouri Missouri is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking List of U.S. states and territories by area, 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee ...
1900,ADA.org: History of Dentistry in the 19th Century
where he formally established orthodontics as a specialty. With Angle the specialty of orthodontics received a new impetus. He coined the term ''
malocclusion In orthodontics, a malocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the upper and lower dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close. The English-language term dates from 1864; Edward Angle (1855-1930), ...
'' to refer to anomalies of tooth position and classified various abnormalities of the teeth and jaws, invented appliances for their treatment and devised several surgical techniques as well. Angle standardized appliances in a series of books and pamphlets, including a text that he authored, ''Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth and Fractures of the Maxillae: Angle's System''. His increasing interest in dental occlusion and in the treatment necessary to obtain normal occlusion led directly to his development of orthodontics as a specialty, with himself as the "father of modern orthodontics". The development of Angle's classification of malocclusion in the 1890s was an important step in the development of orthodontics because it not only subdivided major types of malocclusion but also included the first clear and simple definition of normal occlusion in the natural dentition. Angle was concerned with the aesthetics of orthodontics as well as functionality and so he collaborated with the artist and art educator Edmund H. Wuerpel in applying aesthetics to his field. The artist and dentist collaborated for many years and Wuerpel lectured frequently at Angle's request, in St. Louis as well as in Pasadena.
The Angle Orthodontist ''The Angle Orthodontist'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering orthodontics that is published by the E. H. Angle Education and Research Foundation and is the official journal of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia. The edi ...
, founded in 1930, is the official publication of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontists, society established in 1922, and is published bimonthly in January, March, May, July, September and November by The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation Inc. In 1901, he also founded the Society of Orthodontists which later became American Society of Orthodontists. Edward Angle has 46 patents to his name.


Appliances

* ''E (expansion) Arch Appliance'' (1907) - There were two types: Basic & Ribbed. This applianced only allowed tipping movement and provided poor control of individual tooth position. * ''Pin & Tube Appliance'' (1910) - Consisted of Gold and Platinum bands and had attachment to all the teeth. These bands had vertical tubes that were soldered to them and a Pin was passed through it to achieve tooth movement. Root parallelism and rotation was difficult to achieve with this appliance. In addition, the pins had to be repositioned every appointment through the process of re-soldering. * ''Ribbon Arch Appliance (1915)'' - This appliance was created after the Pin and Tube appliance. This device consisted of a ''Vertical'' ''bracket'' soldered to a band. It allowed rotation to be possible. Dr.
Raymond Begg Percival Raymond Begg AO (10 October 1898 – 18 January 1983) was a professor at the University of Adelaide School of Dentistry and a well known orthodontist, famous for developing the "Begg technique".SportingSmiles
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Death

Angle died in 1930 in Santa Monica at the age of 75 from heart failure. He was buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.


See also

*
Angle school of orthodontia Angle School of Orthodontia was the first school of orthodontics in the world, established by Edward Angle in 1899. The school taught its students orthodontics over a period of 3–6 weeks. The school graduated 183 students until it closed in 1927. ...
*
The Angle Orthodontist ''The Angle Orthodontist'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering orthodontics that is published by the E. H. Angle Education and Research Foundation and is the official journal of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia. The edi ...
*
Calvin Case Calvin Suveril Case (April 24, 1847 – April 16, 1923) was an American orthodontist who is known to be one of the earliest prominent figures in orthodontics. Case did extensive work with cleft lip and palate and is known for developing the Vel ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angle, Edward 1855 births 1930 deaths American dentists American dentistry academics Orthodontists