''Micrurus fulvius'', commonly known as the eastern coral snake,John L. Behler, Behler John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). ''The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp., 657 color plates. LCCCN 79-2217. . (''Micrurus fulvius'', p. 681 + Plates 617, 618). common coral snake, American cobra,Albert Hazen WWright, Albert Hazen; Wright, Anna Allen (1957). ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). . (''Micrurus fulvius'', pp. 890–897, Map 63, Figures 256–257). and #Common names, more, is a species of highly venomous coral snake in the Family (biology), family Elapidae. The species is Endemism, endemic to the southeastern United States. It should not be confused with the scarlet snake (''Cemophora coccinea'') or scarlet kingsnake (''Lampropeltis elapsoides''), which are harmless Batesian mimicry, mimics. No subspecies are currently recognized.

Description

''M. fulvius'' is generally less than in total length (including tail). The maximum reported total lengths are for a specimen in Florida (Wilfred T. Neill, Neill, 1958) and (Janis Roze, Roze, 1996). Males have longer tails than females, but females reach a greater total length.Jonathan A. Campbell, Campbell, Jonathan A.; Lamar, William W. (2004). ''The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere''. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp., 1500 plates. . The dorsal scales are smooth, and are in 15 rows at midbody. The ventral scales number 197–217 in males and 219–233 in females. There are 40–47 subcaudals in males and 30–37 in females. The anal plate is divided. The color pattern consists of a series of rings that encircle the body: wide red and black rings separated by narrow yellow rings. The head is black from the rostral scale to just behind the eyes. The red rings are usually speckled with black. People who live in its natural range are often taught a folk rhyme as children such as: "Red next to black, safe from attack; red next to yellow, you're a dead fellow," or "Red touching black, friend of Jack; red touching yellow, you're a dead fellow", or simply "red and yellow kill a fellow". These rhymes are useful in teaching children to distinguish king snakes (''Lampropeltis'' ssp.), which are considered helpful predators of vermin such as rats and mice, from the venomous coral snake, which should only be handled by an experienced biologist or herpetologist. However, this rhyme is only applicable to the United States species, and cannot be used reliably in the Caribbean, or Central or South America.

Common names

Among the many common names for ''M. fulvius'' are eastern coral snake, American cobra, candy-stick snake, common coral snake, coral adder, Elaps harlequin snake, Florida coral snake, harlequin coral snake, North American coral snake, red bead snake, thunder-and-lightning snake, and, in Spanish, ''serpiente-coralillo arlequín'' (literally "harlequin coral snake").

Geographic range

''M. fulvius'' is found in the Southeastern United States from southeastern North Carolina, south through South Carolina and peninsular Florida, and westward through southern Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi to southeastern Louisiana. Coral snakes in Texas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Arkansas are now considered to be a different species, ''Micrurus tener'', which was previously considered a subspecies of ''M. fulvius''. ''M. fulvius'' may be found at altitudes of near sea level to about . Climate models have shown that the range of ''Micrurus fulvius'' could be decreased throughout the southeast in the future.

Habitat

''M. fulvius'' occurs in upland mesophytic and South Florida rocklands#Rockland hammock, tropical hammocks in Florida, as well as glade land, high pine, scrub oak and Quercus virginiana, live oak Hammock (ecology), hammock, Pinus elliottii, slash pine and Aristida stricta, wiregrass flatwoods. In southern Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia and Florida, it is found in dry areas with open ground that are bushy but not heavily vegetated. It is associated with sandy ridges in Mississippi and sandy creek bottoms in Louisiana. It is rarer in North and South Carolina, but is more typically found there in the scrub oak forests and pitch pine habitats near the coast, as well as the coastal plain of the southeast.

Feeding

''M. fulvius'' eats lizards, birds, frogs, fish, insects, and smaller snakes, including other coral snakes.

Reproduction

Females of ''M. fulvius'' are reported to lay three to 12 eggs in June that hatch in September. Neonates are in length. Males mature 11–16 months after hatching while females mature approximately 26 months after hatching. Adult females are typically larger than males.

Venom

The venom of ''M. fulvius'' is a potent neurotoxin with a median of 1.3 mg/kg Subcutis, SC. Envenomation causes rapid paralysis and respiratory failure in prey. In humans, symptoms include slurred speech, double vision, and muscular paralysis eventually leading to respiratory failure. ''M. fulvius'' bites and fatalities are very rare. Only two documented fatalities were attributed to this species in the 1950s, and only one has been reported since Wyeth antivenin became available for it in the 1960s. The snakes have a mortality rate between 5–20% The most recent fatality attributed to the eastern coral snake occurred in 2006 (confirmed in 2009 report). The victim failed to seek proper medical attention and died several hours after being bitten, becoming the first fatality caused by ''M. fulvius'' in over 40 years. ''M. fulvius'' does not account for many cases of snakebite in the U.S., with only about 100 bites each year. The snake is considered secretive and generally reluctant to bite (its venomous potential was still being debated in the 1880s), and envenomation (i.e., secretion of venom during a strike) is thought to occur in only 40% of all bites. Unlike New World Crotalinae, pit vipers, this New World coral snake cannot control the amount of primarily Neurotoxin, neurotoxic venom injected. Dry bites often result from a near miss or deflection; although the venom an adult coral snake holds is enough to kill up to five adults, it cannot release all its venom in a single bite. Historically, however, the mortality rate was estimated to be about 10–20%, with death occurring in as little as one to two hours, or as much as 26 hours after the bite. This is not that surprising, since the Lethal dose, LD₁₀₀ for humans is estimated to be 4–5 mg of dried venom, while the average venom yield is 2–6 mg with a maximum of more than 12 mg. This is probably why current standard hospital procedure in the U.S. is to start with antivenin therapy for coral snake bites, even if no symptoms are found yet. Wyeth discontinued the manufacture of coral snake antivenin in 2010, citing a lack of profitability. Pfizer has also decided to halt production of its antivenin for similar reasons (see Coral snake#coral snake antivenom shortage, Coral snake antivenom shortage). Pfizer indicates that antivenom is available and one source states that production has resumed.