Perspectives
EmploymentHistory
The 1990s
As recorded in June 1995 in Popular Science Magazine, self-driving trucks were being developed for combat convoys, whereby only the lead truck would be driven by a human and the following trucks would rely on satellite navigation, an inertial guidance system and ground-speed sensors. Komatsu Limited, Komatsu made the earliest development in autonomous trucks testing a fleet of five Haul truck, Ultra Class trucks in Codelco Mine Radomiro Tomic in Chile in 2005 then in 2007 was installed the first working fleet in the mine Gabriela Mistral in Chile, also a Codelco property.The 2010s
Lockheed Martin, with funding from the U.S. Army, developed an autonomous truck convoy system that uses a lead truck operated by a human driver with a number of trucks following autonomously. Developed as part of the Army's Autonomous Mobility Applique System (AMAS), the system consists of an autonomous driving package that, , has been installed on more than nine types of vehicles and has completed more than 55,000 hours of driving at speeds up to . the Army was planning to field 100–200 trucks as part of a rapid-fielding program. In Europe, truck Platoon (automobile), platooning was being considered with the Safe Road Trains for the Environment approach, a project that ended in September 2012. Caterpillar Inc. made early developments in 2013 with the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University to improve efficiency and reduce cost at various mining and construction sites. Companies such as Codelco Chilean State Mining Company, Suncor Energy (a Canadian energy company), and Rio Tinto Group were among the first to replace human-operated trucks with driver-less commercial trucks run by computers. 2016 Otto (company), Otto demonstrated its self-driving trucks on the highway before being acquired by Uber in August 2016. In May 2017, San Francisco-based startup Embark Trucks, Embark announced a partnership with truck manufacturer Peterbilt to test and deploy autonomous technology in Peterbilt's vehicles. Waymo stated it was also testing autonomous technology in trucks, however no timeline has been given for the project. In April 2016, trucks from major manufacturers including Volvo and Daimler AG, Daimler completed a week of autonomous driving across Europe, organized by the Netherlands, in an effort to get self-driving trucks on the road. Volvo has also developed its own autonomous trucks, called Vera. In 2016, Anheuser-Busch and Uber partnered and made the first commercial delivery of beer over using a self-driving truck, with a human in the truck, but not behind the wheel. Waymo also delivered freight in Atlanta, Georgia. 2018 In February 2018, Starsky Robotics, the San Francisco-based autonomous truck company, completed a driver-less trip in Florida without a human in the truck, though one was available to take over by remote control. Starsky Robotics claimed to be the first self-driving truck company to drive on a public road without a person in the cab. In July 2018, Uber announced it was shuttering the truck-focused branch of its autonomous vehicles program as part of a reorganization of its Advanced Technologies Group following the Death of Elaine Herzberg, fatal Uber autonomous passenger vehicle crash in Tempe, Arizona in March 2018. Shortly after Uber shut down its autonomous truck efforts, two autonomous truck startups, Kodiak Robotics and Ike, announced they had hired employees from the Uber program. In September 2018, Ford Motor Company, Ford unveiled its own vision of the heavy-duty truck of the future as the F-Vision semi concept which will be a Self-driving car, SAE Level 4 autonomous vehicle. In November 2018, Embark Trucks announced a pilot with national truck fleet Ryder and Frigidaire to deliver refrigerators via autonomous trucks from El Paso, Texas to Palm Springs, California. During the pilot, manually-driven Ryder trucks provided first and last mile delivery while Embark autonomous trucks carried the load as far as at a time on Interstate 10. 2019 In March 2019, Daimler AG through its subsidiary Daimler Truck North America announced that it would acquire a majority stake in Torc Robotics for an undisclosed amount as part of its Highly Automated Truck Program. In May 2019, the company TuSimple announced a contract for a two-week pilot delivering mail for the United States Postal Service. The company planned to run five round trips between Dallas, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona, with two humans on board. The company runs daily cargo for customers in Arizona. , Starsky Robotics became the first company to operate fully unmanned on public highways at with no one in the cab of the truck. Unable to raise additional funding, Starsky shut down operations on March 19, 2020. In December 2019, Plus (autonomous trucking), Plus conducted the industry's first cross-country commercial freight run using a self-driving truck, carrying of butter from Tulare, California to Quakertown, Pennsylvania for Land O'Lakes.The 2020s
2020See also
* Self-driving carReferences
{{Reflist Trucks Self-driving cars, * Automotive technologies Emerging technologies