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Diving birds are
The neck of plunge-diving birds is also unique. Plunge-diving birds can dive from heights up to 45 m and reaching speed up to 24 m/s without injury. Their neck plays a big role when plunge-diving. Their neck muscle will contract during the impact process, and the tendons will apply tension to the bones as a stabilizing force during the dive. This allows them to be able to plunge-dive safely, having deeper dives and thereby increasing the volume of water accessible to the birds while surprising the prey. Plunge-diving birds dive less often than those who dive from the water's surface due to the mechanics of the dive.
Another unique feature of plunge-diving birds are their morphing wings. The morphing wing has the ability to change the wingspan in flight and adapt to various aerodynamic requirements or flight conditions. Different shapes of a bird's wing are important in determining the flight capabilities; they can affect aerodynamic performance and maneuverability. In the fully open condition, the morphing wing reaches the maximum surface area and has a 32% higher lift coefficient which to achieve high maneuverability at low speed. In the fully closed condition, the morphing wing would minimize the surface area and reduce the drag coefficient by 29.3%, from 0.027 to 0.021, to achieve high-speed flight.
bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
s which plunge into the water to catch fish
Fish are Aquatic animal, aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack Limb (anatomy), limbs with Digit (anatomy), digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and Chondrichthyes, cartilaginous and bony fish as we ...
or other prey
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill ...
. Such birds may enter the water from flight, such as pelican
Pelicans (genus ''Pelecanus'') are a genus of large water birds that make up the family Pelecanidae. They are characterized by a long beak and a large throat pouch used for catching prey and draining water from the scooped-up contents before ...
s, gannet
Gannets are seabirds comprising the genus ''Morus'' in the family Sulidae, closely related to boobies.
Gannets are large white birds with yellowish heads; black-tipped wings; and long bills. Northern gannets are the largest seabirds in the ...
s and tropicbird
Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds. They are the sole living representatives of the order Phaethontiformes. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most cl ...
s; or they may dive from the surface of the water, such as the diving ducks, cormorant
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of approximately 40 species of aquatic birds commonly known as cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed, but in 2021 the IOC adopted a consensus taxonomy of seven ge ...
s and penguin
Penguins (order Sphenisciformes , family Spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adap ...
s. It is theorized that they evolved from birds already adapted for swimming
Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water, or other liquid, usually for recreation, sport, exercise, or survival. Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs and the body to achieve hydrodynamic thrust that r ...
that were equipped with such adaptations as lobed or webbed feet for propulsion
Propulsion is the generation of force by any combination of pushing or pulling to modify the translational motion of an object, which is typically a rigid body (or an articulated rigid body) but may also concern a fluid. The term is derived f ...
.
Foot-propelled diving birds
Some diving birds, for example the extinctHesperornithes
Hesperornithes is an extinct and highly specialized group of aquatic avialans closely related to the ancestors of modern birds. They inhabited both marine and freshwater habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, and include genera such as '' Hesperorn ...
of the Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
Period, propelled themselves with their feet. They were large, streamlined, and flightless birds with teeth for grasping slippery prey. Today, cormorants
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of approximately 40 species of aquatic birds commonly known as cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed, but in 2021 the IOC adopted a consensus taxonomy of seven gen ...
(family Phalacrocoracidae), loons
Loons ( North American English) or divers (British / Irish English) are a group of aquatic birds found in much of North America and northern Eurasia. All living species of loons are members of the genus ''Gavia'', family Gaviidae and order Ga ...
( Gaviidae), and grebes
Grebes () are aquatic diving birds in the order Podicipediformes . Grebes are widely distributed freshwater birds, with some species also found in marine habitats during migration and winter. Some flightless species exist as well, most notably i ...
( Podicipedidae) are the major groups of foot
The foot ( : feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg mad ...
-propelled diving birds.Wing-propelled diving birds
Other diving birds are wing-propelled, most notably thepenguin
Penguins (order Sphenisciformes , family Spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adap ...
s (Sphenisciformes
Penguins (order Sphenisciformes , family Spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adapt ...
), dipper
Dippers are members of the genus ''Cinclus'' in the bird family Cinclidae, so-called because of their bobbing or dipping movements. They are unique among passerines for their ability to dive and swim underwater.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Cinclus'' ...
s ('' Cinclus'') and auk
An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic ''álka'', from Old Norse ''alka'' (a ...
s (Alcidae
An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic ''álka'', from Old Norse ''alka'' (a ...
).
Plunge-diving birds
Plunge-diving is a special form of foraging that involves a transition from air to water. Plunge-diving birds are notable for their beaks, necks, and morphing wings. Plunge-diving birds generally have a higher beak angle ratio than others. Beak angle ratio is defined as the top angle divided by the side angle. When the top and side angles are similar together, high beak angle ratios result, while when the difference is greater, low beak angle ratios result. Plunge-diving birds' foraging behavior also affects the evolution of rhamphotheca and skeletal beak shape. Plunge-diving birds have narrower and thinner rhamphotheca, resulting in different beak shapes.
The neck of plunge-diving birds is also unique. Plunge-diving birds can dive from heights up to 45 m and reaching speed up to 24 m/s without injury. Their neck plays a big role when plunge-diving. Their neck muscle will contract during the impact process, and the tendons will apply tension to the bones as a stabilizing force during the dive. This allows them to be able to plunge-dive safely, having deeper dives and thereby increasing the volume of water accessible to the birds while surprising the prey. Plunge-diving birds dive less often than those who dive from the water's surface due to the mechanics of the dive.
Another unique feature of plunge-diving birds are their morphing wings. The morphing wing has the ability to change the wingspan in flight and adapt to various aerodynamic requirements or flight conditions. Different shapes of a bird's wing are important in determining the flight capabilities; they can affect aerodynamic performance and maneuverability. In the fully open condition, the morphing wing reaches the maximum surface area and has a 32% higher lift coefficient which to achieve high maneuverability at low speed. In the fully closed condition, the morphing wing would minimize the surface area and reduce the drag coefficient by 29.3%, from 0.027 to 0.021, to achieve high-speed flight.
See also
* *References
Bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...