Distomo massacre

The Distomo massacre ( el, Σφαγή του Διστόμου; german: Massaker von Distomo or ''Distomo-Massaker'') was a Nazi war crime perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS in the village of Distomo, Greece, in 1944, during the German occupation of Greece during World War II.

Background

The 2nd company of the 4th Waffen-SS ''Polizei Panzergrendier'' Division as serving in Greece in 1944 was made up mostly of ''volksdeutsche'' (ethnic German) teenagers from Hungary and Romania commanded by zealous SS officers. The heavy losses taken on the Eastern Front had caused the SS to lower its standards as the war went on and many of the teenagers in the company were underaged with some as young as 14 or 15. The British historian Mark Mazower described the 2nd Company as being made up of a "lethal combination" of ill-trained ''volksdeutsche'' teenagers determined to prove their sense of ''deutschtum'' (Germanness) with fanatical SS officers. This was especially the case as almost all of the Hungarian and Romanian ''volksdeutsche'' teenagers serving in the division did not have the requisite family histories proving that they were of pure German descent, and instead had only vague written statements from their local ''volksdeutsche'' community associations arresting to their pure German descent. These statements were not considered satisfactory by the SS, which noted that though the ''volksdeutsche'' serving in the SS were German in terms of language and culture, that they suspected that many of them had Hungarian and/or Romanian blood.

The commanding officer, SS-''Brigadeführer'' Fritz Schmedes had taken part as an young ''Freikorps'' officer in the "vicious fighting" in Upper Silesia in 1921 and fought the Greeks in precisely the same manner that he had fought the Poles. The regimental commander, SS-''Standartenführer'' Karl Schümers was an ultra-aggressive man prone to "extremely draconian" methods as even a sympathetic SS evaluation had put it whose zeal and aggression had been not clubbed by a serious head wound he taken on the Eastern Front in 1942. SS-''Hauptsturmführer'' Fritz Lautenbach had began his career in the elite 1st SS Panzer Division ''Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler'' and was known to be a militant Nazi. However, Mazower wrote that through the composition of the division and its cast of commanders made it more likely to commit atrocities, the massacre should be put into context, namely it operated as part of Army Group E and the standing orders of the Wehrmacht in Greece was to use terror as a way to frighten the Greeks into not supporting the ''andartes'' (guerrillas).

The main ''andarte'' force that fought the Germans during the war was the ELAS (''Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós''-Greek People's Liberation Army), which was the military arm of the EAM (''Ethnikó Apeleftherotikó Métopo''-National Liberation Front), which was dominated by cadres of the KKE (''Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas''-Communist Party of Greece). Throughout the war against the Soviet Union, German propaganda portrayed the war as a noble struggle to protect "European civilization" from "Bolshevism". Likewise, German officials portrayed the ''Reich'' as nobly occupying Greece to protect it from Communists and presented EAM as a demonic force. The ''andartes'', especially close of the ELAS, were portrayed in both the Wehrmacht and the SS as a "savages" and "criminals" who committed all sorts of crimes and who needed to hunted down without mercy.

The British engaged in numerous intelligence deceptions designed to fool the Germans into thinking that the Allies would be landing in Greece in the near-future, and as such Army Group E was reinforced to stop the expected Allied landing in the Balkans. From the viewpoint of General Alexander Löhr, the commander of Army Group E, the attacks of the ''andartes'', which forced his men to spread themselves out to hunt them down, were weakening his forces by leaving them exposed and spread out in the face of an expected Allied landing. After the failure of numerous sweeps designed to hunt down the ''andartes'', Lohr in the winter of 1943-1944 started to employ what Mazower called the "indiscriminate slaughter of civilians" as the best way to fight the ''andartes''.

The massacre

On 10 June 1944, for over two hours, Waffen-SS troops of the 2nd company, I/7 battalion, 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division under the command of the 26-year-old SS-''Hauptsturmführer'' Fritz Lautenbach went door to door and massacred Greek civilians as part of "savage reprisals" for a partisan attack upon the unit's convoy. A total of 228 men, women and children were killed in Distomo, a small village near Delphi."Greeks lose Nazi massacre claim." 26 June 2003 BBC
According to survivors, SS forces "bayoneted babies in their cribs, stabbed pregnant women, and beheaded the village priest." However, another source ("Life, The First Decade", Time Inc., 1979, page 138. Library of Congress catalog card number 79-88091) refers to "the 1,000 citizens slaughtered by the Germans".

Following the massacre, a Secret Field Police agent accompanying the German forces informed the authorities that, contrary to Lautenbach's official report, the German troops had come under attack several miles from Distomo and had not been fired upon "with mortars, machine-guns and rifles from the direction of Distomo". An inquiry was convened. Lautenbach admitted that he had gone beyond standing orders, but the tribunal found in his favour, holding that he had been motivated, not by negligence or ignorance, but by a sense of responsibility towards his men.

Legal proceedings

Four relatives of victims brought legal proceedings against the German government to court in Livadeia, Greece, demanding reparations. On October 30, 1997, the court ruled in favour of the plaintiffs and awarded damages of 28 million Euros. Eventually in May 2000, the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece, confirmed this ruling. The judgment, however, could not be enforced in Greece because, as necessary under Greek law, the execution of a judgment against a sovereign state is subject to the prior consent of the Minister of Justice, which was not given.

The plaintiffs brought the case to court in Germany, demanding the aforementioned damages be paid to them. The claim was rejected at all levels of German court, citing the ''1961 bilateral agreement concerning enforcement and recognition of judgements'' between Germany and Greece, and ''Section 328 of the German Code of Civil Procedure''. Both required that Greece have jurisdiction, which it does not as the actions in question were sovereign acts by a state. According to the fundamental principles of international law, each country is immune from another state's jurisdiction.

In November 2008, an Italian court ruled that the plaintiffs could take German property in Italy as compensation that was awarded by the Greek courts. The plaintiffs were awarded a villa in Menaggio, near Lake Como, which is owned by a German state nonprofit organization, as part of the restitution.

In December 2008, the German government filed a claim at the International Court of Justice in the Hague. The German claim was that the Italian courts should have dismissed the case under the international law of sovereign immunity.

In January 2011, the Prime Minister of Greece, George Papandreou, announced that the Greek Government would be represented at the International Court of Justice in relation to the claim for reparations by relatives of victims. In its 2012 final judgement, the court ruled that Italy had violated Germany's state immunity, and directed that the judgment by the Italian courts be retracted. In 2014 the Italian Constitutional Court ruled that sovereign immunity for crimes such as Distomo violated the core rights guaranteed by the Italian constitution. Sovereign immunity would therefore no longer be applicable law in Italy for the war crimes cases in question. New claims for compensation for the Distomo massacre could therefore be brought before Italian courts."Hoping for Distomo – Of time and transition" Juwiss, 10 June, 2016

In film

''A Song for Argyris'' is a 2006 documentary film that details the life story of Argyris Sfountouris, a survivor of the massacre.

The massacre is described in Peter Nestler's experimental documentary ''Von Griechenland'' (1966).

See also

*List of massacres in Greece
*Hellmuth Felmy
* Krupki massacre
*Marzabotto massacre
*Massacre of Kalavryta
*Oradour-sur-Glane massacre, which occurred on the same date
*Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre
*Szczurowa massacre
*Ivanci massacre

Books

*

Notes

External links

What the Germans did to Greece
Life Magazine, Nov. 27, 1944, pp 21-27. Also o
google books

Dutch website with reference to the Distomo massacreEin Lied für Argyris (A Song for Argyris)
A documentary with Argyris Sfountouris, a survivor of the massacre.
*
* Karantsalis, Theo (2020). Distomo, still we mourn. The National Herald, Jun. 10, 2020. https://www.thenationalherald.com/opinions_columnists/arthro/distomo_still_we_mourn-444433/

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Conflicts in 1944
Nazi war crimes in Greece
Mass murder in 1944
1944 in Greece
June 1944 events
Massacres in 1944
Massacres in Greece during World War II
Central Greece in World War II