Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
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''A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles'' (DCHP) is a historical
usage dictionary A language-for-specific-purposes dictionary (LSP dictionary) is a reference work which defines the specialised vocabulary used by experts within a particular field, for example, architecture. The discipline that deals with these dictionaries is s ...
of words, expressions, or meanings which are native to
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
or which are distinctively characteristic of
Canadian English Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA) encompasses the Variety (linguistics), varieties of English language, English used in Canada. According to the 2016 Canadian Census, 2016 census, English was the first language of 19.4 million Canadians or ...
though not necessarily exclusive to Canada. The first edition was published by W. J. Gage Limited in 1967. The text of this first edition was scanned and released as a free-access online dictionary in 2013. A second edition of ''A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles'' (DCHP-2), was then created by expanding and partially revising the first edition's data set. DCHP-2 was published in 2017 as an academic project by the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...
, and is only available as a free-access online dictionary.


History

The origins of the first Canadian Dictionary (DCHP-1) can be linked to American Lexicographer Charles Julien Lovell just after WW2 in 1946. Predating this, the American
OED The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
dictionary included the small number of Canadian words found in their research as was the practice during this time for larger varieties. Lovell, working at the time for the University of Chicago and the Dictionary of Americanisms, felt that there was a true distinction between American words and Canadian ones. This led Lovell to create a separate file for words that he deemed to be Canadian as he traversed across the country. In 1954, after creation of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Lovell proposed his idea of the creation of the first Canadian Dictionary, and shortly after submitted an article on the “Lexicographical Challenges of Canadian English”. In March 1960, funding was granted to create the first Canadian Dictionary, DHCP-1 (Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles).Charles Lovell passed away just weeks later. The lead of the project would then be taken on and headed by Lovell's colleague and friend, Walter Spencer Avis. A professor of English at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario. Without intention, Avis, came to become a dictionary editor and leader to complete DHCP-1. Along with him, Patrick Drysdale, Chuck Crate, Douglas Leechman, and Mathew Scargill (these names, with Avis and Lovell would become known as the big six of creating Canadian English). Drysdale focused on working with the publisher of the dictionary in Toronto, W.J. Gage publishing and relayed information to the team. Avis, Crate, And Leechman were responsible for controlling the majority of the information brought in through slips.> Scargill, the “director of the Lexicographical Centre in Victoria'' was the promoter and organizer of the DCHP. The Publisher, Gage, requested that four versions of the dictionary were to be made: the Beginning Dictionary, Intermediate Dictionary, Senior Dictionary, and the Complete version DCHP-1.  The final dictionary was completed just in time for Canadians' Centennial year In November 1967. The result was a ground-breaking dictionary in several ways: the ''DCHP''-1 was the first scholarly historical dictionary of a variety of English other than British English (
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
) or American English (
Dictionary of American English ''A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles'' (''DAE'') is a dictionary of terms appearing in English in the United States that was published in four volumes from 1938 to 1944 by the University of Chicago Press. Intended to pick u ...
and A Dictionary of Americanisms), the two dominant varieties of English throughout the 20th century. In 2006, after almost 40 years of existence without any updates, work on a new edition was started. Nelson Education Ltd., which had acquired Gage Ltd. and with it the rights to the DCHP-1 had been actively seeking collaborators in academia to produce a new edition of the DCHP-1. This project, DCHP-2, was proposed at a conference on
Canadian English Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA) encompasses the Variety (linguistics), varieties of English language, English used in Canada. According to the 2016 Canadian Census, 2016 census, English was the first language of 19.4 million Canadians or ...
in January 2005, and formally commenced at the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...
's Department of English in August 2006, after a year of preparatory work. Since 2009, DCHP-2 has had no association with Nelson Ltd. or any other publisher and had been a purely academic project. The second edition was edited by Stefan Dollinger (editor-in-chief) and Margery Fee (associate editor) and includes features not part of the first edition: a six-way classification system for Canadianisms, the Dictionary Editing Tool, and the Bank of Canadian English (BCE), a quotation database. DCHP-2 was published in 2017 as an academic project by the University of British Columbia, and is only available as a free-access online dictionary.


Milestones

Completed in 2011 after automatic scanning and manual proofreading by a team of UBC students under the direction of Stefan Dollinger, ''DCHP''-1 was republished in open access as of 2013, thanks to Nelson Ltd. (Dollinger et al. 2013), and is available as a free website, ''DCHP''-1 Online. ''DCHP''-2, fully revised and expanded, is published 2017 (thanks to a three-year SSHRC Insight Grant, Competition 2012, Insight Grants).


Release of DCHP-2

DCHP-2, the second, reconceptualized and updated edition was released online on 17 March 2017. The launch coincided with the 57th anniversary of Charles J. Lovell's passing, the founding editor of DCHP-1. DCHP-1 was launched as a Centennial project; DCHP-2 was launched as a Sesquicentennial contribution with the goal of lifting the discussion about Canadianisms, and about Canadian English more generally, on an empirically sounder footing.


Creating DCHP-2

The process started with the scanning and digitization of the first edition of the dictionary ( DCHP-1). The online version of DCHP-1 was made publicly accessible in 2013. The main data collection phase for the DCHP-2 lasted from 2007 to 2010 and included 36,000 new citations derived from the 7,000 new potential headwords found in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary and other sources. Potential headwords and citations were cross-checked with other varieties of English using web data and entered into the Bank of Canadian English, a quotation filing system, to be proofread and edited. The potential headwords and citations were then classified into one of the six categories of Canadianisms according to their distinctive histories in Canada, cultural significance, or usage frequency.


The “Technology”: slips

The use of slips while writing DCHP-2 played a significant role in the dictionary's creation. Slips are considered “the sine qua non of lexicography and can be hand-written, typed, or cut and pasted texts from newspapers, fliers, books, etc., on four-by-six inch slips of paper. The top left corner would show the catchword, which would then possibly become a headword in the dictionary, which a quotation would follow. Thousands to millions of these slips provided the data from which the dictionary was created.


Typology

The DCHP-2 lists six types of Canadianism with an additional "non-Canadian" category: *Type 1: Origin: terms or meanings are created in Canada. An example would be loonie (one-dollar coin),
toonie The toonie (also spelled twonie or twoonie), formally the Canadian two-dollar coin (, nicknamed or ), was introduced on February 19, 1996, by Minister of Public Works Diane Marleau. it possesses the highest monetary value of any circulating ...
(two-dollar coin). *Type 2: Preservation: A form or meaning that was once widespread across many English language variations but is now preserved in Canadian English. An example would be pencil crayon (colouring pencil), and Chesterfield (couch, sofa). *Type 3: Semantic Change: Terms that have undergone a semantic change in Canadian English. For instance,
toque A toque ( or ) is a type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all. Toques were popular from the 13th to the 16th century in Europe, especially France. They were revived in the 1930s; nowadays, they are primarily known as the traditional hea ...
(beanie), which had earlier referred to other kinds of hats, not just the ones we now associate with the word toque, or Generation X "late '80s disoriented adults." *Type 4: Culturally Significant: Terms or meanings enshrined and important to the national identity and/or history of Canada. The discourse marker eh, hockey terms such as wrap around and the term
French immersion French immersion is a form of bilingual education in which students who do not speak French as a first language will receive instruction in French. In most French- immersion schools, students will learn to speak French and learn most subjects ...
are examples. *Type 5: Frequency: Terms or meanings that are used and heard more frequently in Canadian English than in other national identities. For instance, cube van (moving truck) or Chinook (strong wind). *Type 6: Memorial: These terms are the opposite of cultural salience, meaning terms deriving from adverse events or historical occurrences in Canada. An example would be residential schools or
Eskimo ''Eskimo'' () is a controversial Endonym and exonym, exonym that refers to two closely related Indigenous peoples: Inuit (including the Alaska Native Iñupiat, the Canadian Inuit, and the Greenlandic Inuit) and the Yupik peoples, Yupik (or Sibe ...
(Inuit people) *Non-Canadian: Terms or meanings labelled 'Canadian' in other sources or that are thought to be Canadian but are not. For instance,
clawback The term clawback or claw back refers to any money or benefits that have been given out, but are required to be returned (clawed back) due to special circumstances or events, such as the money having been received as the result of a financial crim ...
or
sunset clause In public policy, a sunset provision or sunset clause is a measure within a statute, regulation, or other law that provides for the law to cease to be effective after a specified date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend it. Unli ...
.


Accessing DCHP-2

The DCHP-2 is, like the current edition of the
OED The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
, an online-only publication; there is no hardcopy available at this point.


Reception

The ''Toronto Star'' referred to it as a great "birthday gift for the nation" of Canada, ''The Globe and Mail'' lauded its detail (e.g. the entry on ''eh'', which is almost 5000 words long) and the CBC The National Newscast featured DCHP-2 in April 2017 as the topic of its cultural news item of the day.


See also

*
List of Canadian English dictionaries List of Canadian English dictionary, dictionaries: * ''Canadian Oxford Dictionary'' * ''Collins Canadian Dictionary'' * ''A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles'' * ''Gage Canadian Dictionary'' * ''Houghton Mifflin Canadian Dict ...
*''
Dictionary of American English ''A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles'' (''DAE'') is a dictionary of terms appearing in English in the United States that was published in four volumes from 1938 to 1944 by the University of Chicago Press. Intended to pick u ...
'' *'' Dictionary of Americanisms'' *''
Dictionary of American Regional English The ''Dictionary of American Regional English'' (''DARE'') is a record of regional variations within American English, published in five volumes from 1985 to 2012 and based on data mostly collected in the 1960s. It differs from other dictionarie ...
'' *''
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
''


References


Notes

*Cassidy, Frederick G. and Joan Houston Hall (eds.). 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, in prep. ''Dictionary of American Regional English''. Volumes I–V. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. *Craigie, William and James R. Hulbert (eds.). 1968 938–44 ''A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles''. 4 volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. *DA = '' Dictionary of Americanisms''. See Mathews (ed.) 1951. *DAE = A ''
Dictionary of American English ''A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles'' (''DAE'') is a dictionary of terms appearing in English in the United States that was published in four volumes from 1938 to 1944 by the University of Chicago Press. Intended to pick u ...
'' on Historical Principles. See Craigie and Hulbert (eds.) 1968 938–44 *DARE = ''
Dictionary of American Regional English The ''Dictionary of American Regional English'' (''DARE'') is a record of regional variations within American English, published in five volumes from 1985 to 2012 and based on data mostly collected in the 1960s. It differs from other dictionarie ...
''. See Cassidy and Hall (eds.) 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, in prep. *OED = ''
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
''


External links

*, DCHP-1 and DCHP-2 online {{DEFAULTSORT:Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles English dictionaries 1967 non-fiction books Canadian English Online English dictionaries