Bone morphogenetic protein 2 or BMP-2 belongs to the
TGF-β superfamily of
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...
s.
Function
BMP-2 like other
bone morphogenetic proteins,
plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. It is involved in the
hedgehog pathway,
TGF beta signaling pathway
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis an ...
, and in
cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrin ...
-cytokine receptor interaction. It is also involved in cardiac cell differentiation and
epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercell ...
.
Like many other proteins from the BMP family, BMP-2 has been demonstrated to potently induce
osteoblast differentiation in a variety of cell types.
BMP-2 may be involved in white adipogenesis
and may have metabolic effects.
Interactions
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 has been shown to
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with
BMPR1A
The bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA also known as BMPR1A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''BMPR1A'' gene. BMPR1A has also been designated as CD292 (cluster of differentiation 292).
Function
The bone morphogenetic pr ...
.
Clinical use and complications
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is shown to stimulate the production of bone.
human protein (rhBMP-2) is currently available for
orthopaedic
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics ( alternatively spelt orthopaedics), is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal ...
usage in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
.
Implantation of BMP-2 is performed using a variety of
biomaterial
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose, either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. As a science, biomateria ...
carriers ("metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites"
) and delivery systems ("hydrogel, microsphere, nanoparticles, and fibers"
). While used primarily in orthopedic procedures such as spinal fusion,
BMP-2 has also found its way into the field of dentistry.
The use of dual tapered threaded fusion cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge obtained and maintained intervertebral spinal fusion, improved clinical outcomes, and reduced pain after anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis in patients with degenerative lumbar disc disease.
As an adjuvant to allograft bone or as a replacement for harvested autograft, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) appear to improve fusion rates after spinal arthrodesis in both animal models and humans, while reducing the donor-site morbidity previously associated with such procedures.
A study published in 2011 noted "reports of frequent and occasionally catastrophic complications associated with use of
MP-2in spinal fusion surgeries", with a level of risk far in excess of estimates reported in earlier studies.
An additional review by Agrawal and Sinha of BMP-2 and its common delivery systems in early 2016 showed how "problems like ectopic growth, lesser protein delivery,
ndinactivation of the protein" reveal a further need "to modify the available carrier systems as well as explore other biomaterials with desired properties."
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
Bone morphogenetic protein
Developmental genes and proteins
Implants (medicine)
TGFβ domain