Decree 770

Decree 770 was a decree of the communist Romanian government of Nicolae Ceaușescu, signed in 1967. It restricted abortion and contraception, and was intended to create a new and large Romanian population. The term (from the Romanian language word , meaning "decree"; diminutive ) is used to refer to those Romanians born during the time period immediately following the decree.

Origin of the decree

Before 1968, the Romanian abortion policy was one of the most liberal in Europe. Because the availability of contraceptive methods was poor, abortion became the foremost method of Romanian family planning.

Through a combination of Romania's postwar modernization, high participation of women in the workforce, and a low standard of living, the number of births significantly decreased after the 1950s, reaching its lowest recorded level in 1966. Romanian leaders interpreted the decreasing number of births to be a result of the 1957 decree that legalized abortion.

To counter this sharp decline in the birth rate, the Communist Party decided that the country's population should be increased from 20 million to 30 million inhabitants. In October 1966, Decree 770 was personally sanctioned by Ceaușescu. Abortion and contraception were declared illegal, except for:
* women over 45 (later lowered to 40, then raised again to 45).
* women who had already borne four children (later raised to five).
* women whose life would be threatened by carrying to term, due to medical complications.
* women who were pregnant through rape and/or incest.

Enforcement

To enforce the decree, society was strictly controlled. Contraceptives disappeared from the shelves and all women were forced to be monitored monthly by a gynecologist. Any detected pregnancies were followed until birth. Secret police kept a close eye on hospital procedures.

Sex education was refocused primarily on the benefits of motherhood, including the ostensible satisfaction of being a heroic mother who gives her homeland many children.

The direct consequence of the decree was a huge baby boom. Between 1966 and 1967 the number of births almost doubled, and the estimated number of children per woman (TFR) increased from 1.9 to 3.7. The generation born in 1967 and 1968 was the largest in Romanian history. Hastily, thousands of nursery schools were built.
As the children got older, their needs were not properly met.
There were cases where lectures were shortened to enable three school shifts.
Classes with over 40 children per class were numerous.
When, after the revolution, lots of business closed or shrank their workforce, the latest hires were fired preferentially.

The decree was abolished on 26 December 1989, days after the Romanian Revolution.

Circumvention and mortality

In the 1970s, birth rates declined again. Economic pressure on families remained, and people began to seek ways to circumvent the decree. Wealthier women were able to obtain contraceptives illegally, or bribed doctors to give diagnoses which made abortion possible. Especially among the less educated and poorer women there were many unwanted pregnancies. These women could only utilize primitive methods of abortion, which led to infection, sterility or even their own death. The mortality among pregnant women became the highest of Europe during the reign of Ceaușescu. While the childbed mortality rate kept declining over the years in neighboring countries, in Romania it increased to more than ten times that of its neighbors.

Many children born in this period became malnourished, were severely physically disabled, or ended up in care under grievous conditions, which led to a rise in child mortality.

Romanian orphans

A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in orphanages, because their parents could not cope with looking after them. The vast majority of children who lived in the state-run orphanages were not actually orphans, like the name implies, but simply children whose parents could not afford to look after them.

Romanian revolution

In their book '' Freakonomics'', authors Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner make the argument that children who are born after their mothers are refused an abortion are much more likely to commit crimes or refuse to recognize authority when they reach adulthood. They further argue that the Decreței are exactly the same people who spearheaded the effort to violently overthrow Ceaușescu's regime in 1989. In that year, the oldest would have been 22 years old, in the general age range of most revolutionaries. Levitt and Dubner note that Romania was the only east-European communist country with strict anti-abortion and anti-contraception laws at the time, and also the only country whose ruler was violently overthrown and killed at the end of the Cold War. Most other such countries experienced a tumultuous, but peaceful, transition. There were however other aspects of totalitarian rule that would promote violent reaction instead of peaceful transition, including a lack of associational life and legal gatherings, a more extensive system of informants and special police than any state other than East Germany, and a cult of personality built up around the supreme leader. The actual violence of the revolution can be attributed to divisions among the ruling and military/secret police and the vacuum of power that resulted. Revolutions are often observed to come in waves, and it is believed by some authors that Romania would have experienced violent revolution no matter its demographic situation.

Abortion after 1990

Although in the early 1990s, shortly after abortion was legalized, the abortion rate was very high, it has gradually decreased, as more couples started using contraception, and the economy also started to improve after the instability of the transition. Abortion statistics, according to the National Institute of Statistics for data between 1990 and 2010 and according to Eurostat for data between 2011 and 2018.

In film

* ''4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days'' is a 2007 film directed by Cristian Mungiu (born in 1968 under the decree). It follows two unmarried students who try to abort a pregnancy.

See also

* Natalism
* Abortion in Romania
* Tales from the Golden Age
* Tax on childlessness
* The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime

References

Sources

This article, or a previous version, was translated from the article "Decreet 770" on the Dutch Wikipedia. This Dutch article used the following sources:
* ''Children of the decree (Das Experiment 770: Gebären auf Befehl)'', German movie from 2004 by Florin Iepan
* ''"The 1966 law concerning prohibition of abortion in Romania and its consequences - the fate of one generation"'', Manuela Lataianu, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Decretei
Abortion law
Demographics of Romania
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Romanian words and phrases
Natalism
Legal history of Romania
Abortion in Romania
1967 in Romania
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