The Declaration on the Common Language ( sh, Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku / ) was issued in 2017 by a group of intellectuals and NGOs from

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and ...

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

and

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...

who were working under the banner of a project called "Language and Nationalism". The ''Declaration'' states that

Bosniaks The Bosniaks ( bs, Bošnjaci, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Бошњаци, ; , ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia (region), Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzeg ...

Croats The Croats (; hr, Hrvati ) are a South Slavic ethnic group who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, history and language. They are also a recognized minority in a number of neighboring countries, namely Austria, the Czech Republic ...

Montenegrins Montenegrins ( cnr, Црногорци, Crnogorci, or ; lit. "Black Mountain People") are a South Slavic ethnic group that share a common Montenegrin culture, history, and language, identified with the country of Montenegro. Genetics Accordi ...

and

Serbs The Serbs ( sr-Cyr, Срби, Srbi, ) are the most numerous South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to the Balkans in Southeastern Europe, who share a common Serbian Cultural heritage, ancestry, Culture of Serbia, culture, History of ...

have a common

standard language A standard language (also standard variety, standard dialect, and standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage, although occasionally the term refers to the entirety of a language that include ...

of the

polycentric Polycentric is an English adjective, meaning "having more than one center," derived from the Greek words ''polús'' ("many") and ''kentrikós'' ("center"). Polycentricism (or polycentricity) is the abstract noun formed from polycentric. They may r ...

type. Before any public presentation, the ''Declaration'' was signed by over 200 prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from the four

countries A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state (polity), state, nation, or other polity, political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, so ...

. After being published, it has been signed by over 10,000 people from all over the region. The ''Declaration on the common language'' is an attempt to counter nationalistic factions. Its aim is to stimulate discussion on language without nationalism and to contribute to the reconciliation process.

Contents of the Declaration

The ''Declaration'' states that

and

have a common

of the

type. It refers to the fact that the four peoples communicate effectively without an interpreter due to their

mutual intelligibility In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as ...

, which is a key notion when talking about languages. Furthermore, it points out that the current

language policy Language policy is an interdisciplinary academic field. Some scholars such as Joshua Fishman and Ofelia García consider it as part of sociolinguistics. On the other hand, other scholars such as Bernard SpolskyRobert B. Kaplanand Joseph Lo Bianc ...

of emphasizing differences has led to a number of negative phenomena,Alt URL
/ref> and linguistic expression is imposed as a criterion of ethnonational affiliation and a means of affirming political

loyalty Loyalty, in general use, is a devotion and faithfulness to a nation, cause, philosophy, country, group, or person. Philosophers disagree on what can be an object of loyalty, as some argue that loyalty is strictly interpersonal and only another ...

. The ''Declaration'' states that language and people do not have to coincide, and that each

state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...

or nation may independently codify its own variant of the common language, and that the four standard variants enjoy equal status. The ''Declaration'' calls for abolishing all forms of linguistic segregation and

discrimination Discrimination is the act of making unjustified distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong. People may be discriminated on the basis of Racial discrimination, r ...

in educational and public institutions. It also advocates for the freedom of individual choice and respect for

linguistic diversity Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

International project "Languages and nationalisms"

The ''Declaration'' followed the international project Languages and Nationalisms,Alt URL
/ref> (founded by two German foundations: Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst and Allianz Kulturstiftung), within which

conferences A conference is a meeting of two or more experts to discuss and exchange opinions or new information about a particular topic. Conferences can be used as a form of group decision-making, although discussion, not always decisions, are the main ...

were held in the four countries during 2016, thus providing an insight into the current situation and problems. The project was inspired by the book '' Language and Nationalism'', and was organized by four non-governmental organizations from each of the countries included:

P.E.N. PEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous Internation ...

Center Bosnia-Herzegovina from

Sarajevo Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see names in other languages'') is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo ...

, the Association Kurs from

Split Split(s) or The Split may refer to: Places * Split, Croatia, the largest coastal city in Croatia * Split Island, Canada, an island in the Hudson Bay * Split Island, Falkland Islands * Split Island, Fiji, better known as Hạfliua Arts, entertai ...

, Krokodil from

Belgrade Belgrade ( , ;, ; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1,166,763 mi ...

and the Civic Education Center from Podgorica. An interdisciplinary series of expert conferences in Podgorica, Split, Belgrade and Sarajevo took place under participation of

linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Lingu ...

s, journalists,

anthropologist An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms an ...

s and others. Numerous

audience An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature (in which they are called "readers"), theatre, music (in which they are called "listeners"), video games (in which they are called "players"), o ...

s were also included. The titles of

debate Debate is a process that involves formal discourse on a particular topic, often including a moderator and audience. In a debate, arguments are put forward for often opposing viewpoints. Debates have historically occurred in public meetings, a ...

s on the conferences were:

The creation of the Declaration

More than thirty experts participated in the drafting of the ''Declaration'', half of whom were linguists of different nationalities from the four states. The process of writing lasted for several months. The

initiative In political science, an initiative (also known as a popular initiative or citizens' initiative) is a means by which a petition signed by a certain number of registered voters can force a government to choose either to enact a law or hold a ...

emerged just after the last conference in Sarajevo, when young people from Bosnia-Herzegovina who experienced the educational segregation in the so-called " two schools under one roof" min 14.00 came up with the idea of composing a text that would encourage change of the

in all four countries. They entitled the text ''Declaration on the Common Language'' and gave it for rewriting to professional linguists, so that the ''Declaration'' was redrafted in Zagreb in the following months and can therefore be called the "Zagreb Declaration." As a continuation of the project Languages and Nationalisms, a

committee A committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly. A committee is not itself considered to be a form of assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to explore them more ...

of experts of different nationalities from all four countries was formed that worked on the final version of the ''Declaration'' on 16 and 17 January 2017 in Zagreb. After the

meeting A meeting is when two or more people come together to discuss one or more topics, often in a formal or business setting, but meetings also occur in a variety of other environments. Meetings can be used as form of group decision making. Defini ...

, the text was sent to some twenty consultants, whose proposals are then embedded in the final form of the text.

Presentation of the Declaration

Collecting signatures for the Declaration on the Common Language

The ''Declaration on the common language'' with more than two hundred signatures of prominent intellectuals from Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia was simultaneously presented to the public on 30 March 2017 in Zagreb, Podgorica, Belgrade and Sarajevo, where a press conference was held and two panel discussions with titles "What is a common language?" and "Language and the Future". Then the ''Declaration'' was opened for signing to other people. Over the next few days, more than 8.000 people signed it. Two months later, in the framework of the 10th

Subversive Festival The Subversive Festival is an annual international fortnight of political, activist, cultural, educational, literary and artistic events that takes place in Zagreb, Croatia every May. Its activities are divided into the Subversive Film Festival ...

in Zagreb, a

round table The Round Table ( cy, y Ford Gron; kw, an Moos Krenn; br, an Daol Grenn; la, Mensa Rotunda) is King Arthur's famed table in the Arthurian legend, around which he and his knights congregate. As its name suggests, it has no head, implying that ...

on the ''Declaration'', titled "Language and Nationalism", was held. Then a debate "About the Declaration on the Common Language and Other Demons" was held at the Crocodile Literature Festival in Belgrade. After that, in

Novi Sad Novi Sad ( sr-Cyrl, Нови Сад, ; hu, Újvidék, ; german: Neusatz; see below for other names) is the second largest city in Serbia and the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina. It is located in the southern portion of the P ...

, a panel discussion "Whose is Our Language?" at the Exit festival and a forum "What are the Achievements of the Declaration on the Common Language?" at the International Literary Conference Book Talk were organised. In Montenegro, there was a round table on the ''Declaration'' in the framework of the 7th Njegoš's Days. At the end of 2017, a discussion "What to do With the Language: Who speaks (or does not speak) the common language?" was organised at the 6th Open University in Sarajevo. Snjezana Kordic keynote presentation Hokkaido University

Snjezana Kordic keynote presentation Hokkaido University

During 2018, a series of plenary lectures on the ''Declaration'' was held at

at the universities of various EU countries, and then at the universities in Japan. On the occasion of the second anniversary of the ''Declaration'', two round tables were held: in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

"Language and Nationalisms: Do We Understand Each Other?" and in Zagreb "One Language or Several Languages: Discussion on the Declaration on the Common Language", organized by the Union of Student Associations of the

Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences or the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb ( Croatian: ''Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu'') is one of the faculties of the University of Zagreb. History The Faculty of Philosophy is the oldest fa ...

, which later also organized a plenary lecture on the ''Declaration'' at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb.

Text and signatories

Text

Source: '' Novosti''

Signatories

The British

sociolinguist Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language. It can overlap with the sociology of l ...

Peter Trudgill notes that "''linguists are well represented on the list of signatories.''" The most famous linguist "''

Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American public intellectual: a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky i ...

has signed the Declaration on the common language''", which has been particularly resounding. The Declaration has been signed by "over fifty other linguists, including Anders Ahlqvist, Ronelle Alexander, Nadira Aljović, Bojan Anđelković, Boban Arsenijević, John Frederick Bailyn, Josip Baotić, Ranka Bijeljac-Babić, Ranko Bugarski, Vesna Bulatović, Daniel Bunčić, Costas Canakis, Greville Corbett, Oliver Czulo, Natalia Długosz, Ljiljana Dolamic, Nicholas Evans, Rajka Glušica, Radmila Gorup, Senahid Halilović, Camiel Hamans, Mirjana Jocić, Jagoda Jurić-Kappel, Dunja Jutronić, Dejan Karavesović, Jana Kenda, Ivan Klajn, Snježana Kordić, Svetlana Kurteš, Igor Kusin, Zineta Lagumdžija, Igor Lakić, Gordana Lalić-Krstin, Mia Mader Skender, Alisa Mahmutović, Olga Mišeska Tomić, Vladimir Miličić, Spiros Moschonas, Joachim Mugdan, Zoran Nikolovski, Miloš Okuka, Tatjana Paunović, Dušan-Vladislav Pažđerski, Mira Peter, Tanja Petrović, Enisa Pliska, Milena Podolšak, Luka Raičković, Katarina Rasulić, Marija Runić, Svenka Savić, Marko Simonović, Ljiljana Subotić, Danko Šipka, Dušanka Točanac, Neda Todorović, Aleksandar Trklja, Peter Trudgill, Mladen Uhlik, Hanka Vajzović, Vera Vasić, Elvira Veselinović, Đorđe Vidanović, Ana Ždrale, Jelena Živojinović." Signatories of the ''Declaration'' include: Greville Corbett Ivana Bodrožić Mirjana Karanović

Rajko Grlić Rajko Grlić (born 2 September 1947) is a Croatian film director, producer and screenwriter. He is a professor of film theory at Ohio University and artistic director of the Motovun Film Festival in Motovun, Croatia. Biography Rajko Grlić wa ...

Željko Komšić Željko Komšić (; born 20 January 1964) is a Bosnian politician and diplomat who is the 6th and current Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is also its current chairman, since 2021. Previously, he was a member of the na ...

Svetislav Basara Jurica Pavičić Vedrana Rudan Olja Savičević Ivančević

Dejan Jović Dejan Jović (; born 12 April 1968) is a political scientist from Croatia. He is a full-time professor at the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Zagreb. From 2012 to 2020, Jović was editor-in-chief of the '' Croatian Political S ...

Igor Štiks

Nadežda Čačinovič Nadežda Čačinovič (born 1 April 1947) is a Croatian philosopher, sociologist and author. She was born to Slovene parents in Budapest in 1947 where her father Rudolf Čačinovič was serving as a military attache. She graduated in philosoph ...

Ivan Ivanji Lenka Udovički

Filip David Filip David ( sr-cyr, Филип Давид; born 4 July 1940) is a Serbian writer and screenwriter, best known for penning essays, dramas, short stories and novels. In 2015, he won the NIN Award for best Serbian novel of the year 2014 for his n ...

Ognjen Sviličić Ognjen Sviličić (born 1971 in Split) is a screenwriter and film director, based in Berlin noted for his critically acclaimed 2007 films Sorry For Kung Fu, '' Armin and These Are the Rules'' Career Sviličić was born 1971 in Split, in a fami ...

Vladimir Arsenijević Srećko Horvat Rada Iveković Štefica Galić

Pjer Žalica Pjer Žalica (born 7 May 1964 in Sarajevo) is a Bosnian film director, screenwriter and a professor at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo. His father Miodrag (1926–1992) was a noted dramaturgist and poet who scripted several TV movies. ...

Snježana Kordić

Dubravka Ugrešić Dubravka Ugrešić (; born 27 March 1949) is a Yugoslav and later Croatian writer. A graduate of University of Zagreb, she has been based in Amsterdam since 1996 and refuses to identify as a Croatian writer. Early life and education Ugreši� ...

Ante Tomić

Boris Dežulović

Dragan Markovina Dragan Markovina (born 6 February 1981) is a Croatian historian, author and former president of the New Left Croatia party. Early years and education Markovina was born in Mostar and there he attended the first 5 grades of primary school. In 19 ...

Enver Kazaz

Viktor Ivančić Viktor Ivančić (born 8 October 1960) is a Croatian journalist, best known as the founding member and long-time editor-in-chief of satirical weekly ''Feral Tribune''. A native of Split, Ivančić edited the student paper of the Faculty of ...

Oto Horvat Maja Herman Sekulić Tomislav Jakić Željko Ivanković Svetlana Lukić Dejan Tiago Stanković Nihad Hasanović Srđan Srdić

Vesna Teršelič Vesna Teršelič (born in 1962) is a peace activist who founded the Anti-War Campaign of Croatia. In 1998, she was joint recipient of the Right Livelihood Award along with Katarina Kruhonja of the Centre for Peace, Non-violence and Human Rights, ...

Ivan Klajn Borka Pavićević Jasna Šamić Slobodan Šnajder Senahid Halilović Daša Drndić Edvin Kanka Ćudić Rade Šerbedžija Biljana Srbljanović Dubravka Stojanović Srđan Tešin Isidora Žebeljan

Aleksandar Zograf Saša Rakezić (born 1963 in Pančevo, Serbia), better known by his pen name Aleksandar Zograf, is a Serbian cartoonist. His works focus mostly on life in the former Yugoslavia, such as ''Life Under Sanctions'', ''Psychonaut'', ''Dream Watcher ...

Mima Simić Siniša Malešević Rastko Močnik Drago Pilsel Peter Trudgill

Vladimir Veličković Vladimir Veličković ( sr-cyr, Владимир Величковић; 11 August 1935 – 29 August 2019) was a Serbian painter who spent much of his adult life in Paris. Biography Veličković graduated from the Faculty of Architecture at Bel ...

Srbijanka Turajlić

Ermin Bravo Ermin Bravo (born 5 December 1979) is a Bosnian actor. He has appeared in more than ten films since 2001. He is most known for starring in the 2003 Bosnian film '' Remake''. Bravo is also remembered as a unique character in the 2017 film '' Men D ...

Nenad Veličković Nenad Veličković (born 1962) is a Bosnian writer and playwright. He lives in Sarajevo. Recent activity In 2017, Nenad Veličković has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins Montenegrins ...

Ranko Bugarski Ranko Bugarski () is a Serbian linguist, academic and author. Life and career He was born on 1 January 1933 in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, where he completed his secondary education and graduated in English and German languages and literatures at the ...

Dritan Abazović

Izudin Bajrović Izudin Bajrović (born 9 February 1963) is a Bosnian theater, film and television actor. He has appeared in more than forty films since 1986. Recent activity In 2017, Bajrović signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, ...

Jasmila Žbanić Jasmila Žbanić (; born 19 December 1974) is a Bosnian film director, screenwriter and producer, best known for having written and directed '' Quo Vadis, Aida?'' (2020), which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Lang ...

Danko Šipka

Balša Brković Balša Brković ( Montenegrin Cyrillic: Балша Брковић) (born 25 April 1966) is a Montenegrin writer, essayist and theatre critic. He is also editor of cultural section of daily newspaper Vijesti, and one of the prominent members of the ...

Asim Mujkić

Florian Bieber Florian Bieber (born 4 October 1973) is a Luxembourgian political scientist, historian and professor working on inter-ethnic relations, ethnic conflict and nationalism, focusing primarily on Balkans. Education In 1991–1992, he studied His ...

Jasna Diklić Jasna Diklić (born March 8, 1946) is a Bosnian theatre and film actress. She was born in Sarajevo. Her mother was also an actress and a puppeteer. Diklić's first theatre experiences began at MESS Festival's experimental theatre studio, after wh ...

Vesna Pešić Vesna Pešić ( sr-Cyrl, Весна Пешић, ; born May 6, 1940) is a Serbian politician and sociologist. In February 2012, Vesna Pešić announced she would leave politics after parliamentary elections on 6 May 2012. Biography In the early ...

Goran Marković

Vladislav Bajac Vladislav Bajac ( sr-Cyrl, Владислав Бајац, born 2 June 1954) is Serbian writer, poet, journalist and publisher. Biography He was born in Belgrade in 1954 and later studied philology at the University of Belgrade. In 1993, he f ...

Stevan Filipović Igor Kusin

Feđa Stojanović Feđa Stojanović (31 January 1948 – 5 May 2021) was a Serbian actor. He appeared in more than eighty films since 1962. In 2017, Feđa Stojanović signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins ...

Tatjana Bezjak

Dragoljub Mićunović Dragoljub Mićunović ( sr-Cyrl, Драгољуб Мићуновић ; born 14 July 1930) is a Serbian politician and philosopher. As one of the founders of the Democratic Party, he served as its leader from 1990 to 1994, and as the president of ...

Stanislava Staša Zajović Goran Dević Miloš Okuka Igor Galo

Faruk Šehić Faruk Šehić (born 1970) is a Bosnian poet, novelist and short story writer. He was born in Bihać and grew up in Bosanska Krupa. He studied veterinary medicine in Zagreb until the outbreak of the Bosnian war in which he was an active combatant. A ...

Zvonimir Jurić

Nicholas Evans Nicholas Benbow Evans (26 July 1950 – 9 August 2022) was a British journalist, screenwriter, television and film producer and novelist. Biography Nicholas Benbow Evans was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, son of Anthony Evans, director of ...

Srđan Karanović Srđan Karanović ( sr-Cyrl, Срђан Карановић, , born 17 November 1945) is a Serbian film director and screenwriter. He has directed 17 films since 1968. His film '' Miris poljskog cveća'' won the FIPRESCI prize at the 1978 Canne ...

Zdravko Grebo Lana Barić Aleksandar Novaković

Maša Kolanović Maša Kolanović is a Croatian writer. She was born in Zagreb in 1979. She studied Croatian language and comparative literature at the University of Zagreb, where she now teaches in the Department of Croatian Studies. Her books include: * Sloboš ...

Signatories about the ''Declaration''

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * min 19:34 * * * * * * * *
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min 84:14 * * *
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* * * * * * Cigarette packet warning signs from Bosnia and Herzegovina

* min 17:36 * * * * * * * min 13:00 * * * * * * *
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min 15:47 *

Notes

a. Participants: Borka Pavićević, Rajka Glušica and Snježana Kordić; Moderator: Sandra Zlotrg b. Participants: Ivana Bodrožić,

and Asim Mujkić; Moderator: Igor Štiks c. Participants: Nerzuk Ćurak and Vladimir Arsenijević; Moderator: Žarka Radoja d. Participants: Tomislav Longinović,

, Snježana Kordić, Boris Buden and Mate Kapović; Moderator: Katarina Peović Vuković e. Participants: Teofil Pančić,

, Snježana Kordić and Igor Štiks; Moderator: Vladimir Arsenijević and Ana Pejović f. Participants:

Dragan Bjelogrlić Dragan Bjelogrlić "Bjela" ( sr, Драган Бјелогрлић, ; born 10 October 1963) is a Serbian actor, director and producer. Career Bjelogrlić made his acting debut as a 15-year old, playing Sava Jovanović Sirogojno in ''Boško Buha'' ...

, Snježana Kordić, Marko Šelić Marčelo, Vladimir Arsenijević and Vlatko Sekulović; Moderator: Milena Bogavac Minja g. Participants: Ivan Ivanji, Goran Miletić, Mirjana Đurđević, Srđan Tešin and Pero Zlatar; Moderator: Eržika Pap Reljin h. Participants: Rajka Glušica, Ivo Pranjković, Snježana Kordić,

, Vladimir Arsenijević and

Svein Mønnesland Svein Karl Mønnesland (born 26 October 1943) is a Norwegian Slavist. He was born in Skien. Since 1979 he teaches as a professor of Slavic languages at the University of Oslo. He is considered an expert in Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian and ...

; Moderator: Nikola Vučić

References

External links

Text of the Declaration

List of signatories
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