De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)
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(''On Christian Doctrine'') is a theological treatise of the English poet and thinker
John Milton John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and intellectual. His 1667 epic poem '' Paradise Lost'', written in blank verse and including over ten chapters, was written in a time of immense religious flux and political ...
(1608–1674), containing a systematic exposition of his religious views. The
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
manuscript was found in 1823 and published in 1825. The authorship of the work is debatable. In favor of the theory of the non-authenticity of the text, comments are made both over its content (it contradicts the ideas of his other works, primarily the poems "
Paradise Lost ''Paradise Lost'' is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consists of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse (poetry), verse. A second edition fo ...
" and "
Paradise Regained ''Paradise Regained'' is a poem by English poet John Milton, first published in 1671. The volume in which it appeared also contained the poet's closet drama ''Samson Agonistes''. ''Paradise Regained'' is connected by name to his earlier and m ...
"), as well as since it is hard to imagine that such a complex text could be written by a blind person (Milton was blind by the time of the work's creation, thus it is now assumed that an
amanuensis An amanuensis () is a person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another, and also refers to a person who signs a document on behalf of another under the latter's authority. In one example Eric Fenby ...
aided the author.) However, after nearly a century of interdisciplinary research, it is generally accepted that the manuscript belongs to Milton. The course of work on the manuscript, its fate after the death of the author, and the reasons for which it was not published during his lifetime are well established. The most common nowadays point of view on is to consider it as a theological commentary on poems. The history and style of ''Christian Doctrine'' have created much controversy. Critics have argued about the authority of the text as representative of Milton's philosophy based on possible problems with its authorship, its production, and over what its content actually means. As Lieb has shown "... I do not think we shall ever know conclusively whether or not Milton authored all of the , part of it, or none of it." The work has been translated into English three times: by Charles R. Sumner in 1825, by John Carey in 1973, and by John K. Hale and J. Donald Cullington in 2012.


Background

The only manuscript of ''Christian Doctrine'' was found during 1823 in
London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
's Old State Paper Office (at the Middle Treasury Gallery in
Whitehall Whitehall is a road and area in the City of Westminster, Central London. The road forms the first part of the A roads in Zone 3 of the Great Britain numbering scheme, A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea, London, Chelsea. It is the main ...
).''Complete Poetry and Essential Prose'' Intro to ''Christian Doctrine'' The work was one of many in a bundle of state papers written by John Milton while he served as Secretary of Foreign Tongues under
Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Ki ...
. The manuscript was provided with a prefatory epistle that explains the background and history to the formation of the work. If it is genuine, the manuscript is the same work referred to in Milton's ''Commonplace Book'' and in an account by
Edward Phillips Edward Phillips (August 1630 – c. 1696) was an English author. Life He was the son of Edward Phillips of the crown office in chancery, and his wife Anne, only sister of John Milton, the poet. Edward Phillips the younger was born in Strand, L ...
, Milton's nephew, of a theological "tractate". Because Milton was blind, the manuscript of was the work of two people:
Daniel Skinner Daniel Skinner was an amanuensis of John Milton. He is best known for his role in the posthumous attempts to publish, and then for trying to suppress, several of Milton's State Papers, including '' De Doctrina Christiana''. Biography Skinner is p ...
and Jeremie Picard.Lieb p. 18 Picard first copied the manuscript from previous works and Skinner prepared the work to be copied for typesetting, although there are a few unidentified editors who made changes to the manuscript. After Milton died in 1674, Daniel Skinner was given ''Christian Doctrine'' along with Milton's other manuscripts.Campbell et al. In 1675, Skinner attempted to publish the work in Amsterdam, but it was rejected, and in 1677 he was pressured by the English government to hand over the document upon which it was then hidden. There have been three published English translations of . The first was by Charles R. Sumner in 1825, titled ''A Treatise on Christian Doctrine Compiled from the Holy Scriptures Alone''. The original Latin text was not included (it was published in a separate volume), but it was added on the facing page when the Sumner translation was reprinted in Volumes 14-17 of Columbia's ''The Works of John Milton'' in 1933-4. The second translation, by John Carey in 1973, was not in a dual language format and was printed in Volume 6 of Yale's ''Complete Prose Works of John Milton''. The third and latest translation, a collaborative work between John K. Hale and J. Donald Cullington published in 2012 as Volume 8 of Oxford's ''The Complete Works of John Milton'', works from a new transcription of the original manuscript, and publishes the Latin and English translation in a facing-page format. All three of these translations identify Milton as the author. There is a minority line of criticism that denies ''Christian Doctrine'' as a work produced by Milton, but these critics have suggested no authors in place of Milton.Hunter p. 130 These denials are grounded in the assumptions that a blind Milton would struggle to rely on so many Biblical quotations and that the ''Christian Doctrine'' is the sole reason why Milton is viewed as having a heterodox theological understanding. In response to this argument, many critics have focused on defending Milton's authorship e.g. Lewalski and Fallon. The argument also fails to account for the high Biblical literacy of the time. Currently many scholars support Miltonic authorship of the piece, and most editions of Milton's prose include the work.Campbell ''Milton and the Manuscript of De Doctrina Christiana''


Manuscript

The ''Christian Doctrine'' is divided into two books. The first book is then divided into 33 chapters and the second into 17. The first part of the work appears to be "finished" because it is free of edits and the handwriting (Skinner's) is neat, whereas the second is filled with edits, corrections, and notes in the margins. Skinner's incomplete fair copy has stirred controversy over the work, because it does not provide critics with the ability to determine what the fair copy was based on. The manuscript itself is patterned on the theological treatises common to Milton's time, such as
William Ames William Ames (; Latin: ''Guilielmus Amesius''; 157614 November 1633) was an English Puritan minister, philosopher, and controversialist. He spent much time in the Netherlands, and is noted for his involvement in the controversy between the Cal ...
's and John Wolleb's . Although Milton refers to "forty-two works", of these many were what he called "systematic theologies" in his various works. ''Christian Doctrine'' does not allude to them in the same way as Milton's political treatises. However, the actual pattern of discourse found within the treatise is modeled after Ames's and Wolleb's works even if the content is different. Where Milton differs is in the use of scripture as evidence. Milton relies on scripture as the basis of his argument and keeps scripture in the center of his text, whereas many other theological treatises keep scriptural passages to the margins. In essence, as Lieb says, "Milton privileges the
proof-text A proof text is a passage of scripture presented as proof for a theological doctrine, belief, or principle. Prooftexting (sometimes "proof-texting" or "proof texting") is the practice of using quotations from a document, either for the purpose of ...
over that which is to be proven." Schwartz has gone so far as to claim that Milton "ransacked the whole Bible" and that Milton's own words are "squeezed out of his text." However, the actual "proof-texts" of the Bible are various: no single version is used in Milton's Latin citations.


Theology

Milton's approach to theology is to deal directly with the Bible and use "the word of God" as his basis. Even though Milton relied on the pattern of "theological systems" of his day, he believed that there could be "progress" achieved in understanding theology by relying on the Bible completely.Lieb pp. 23–24 Milton "filled" his theology with direct quotations from the Bible in order to separate his work from his contemporaries who did not deal with the Bible enough for his taste. Some critics have argued that Milton's theology is
Arian Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God t ...
.


Christian Doctrine

The first chapter of ''Christian Doctrine'' discusses the actual meaning of "Christian Doctrine." Milton claims that this "Christian Doctrine" needs to be understood before one can begin to talk about divinity and that the doctrine comes from Christ's communication to mankind about divinity. The doctrine requires humans to "come to terms with God's nature" and it comes from "the ever-abiding desire to celebrate od'sglory because of his redemptive plan."Lieb p. 46 Milton's approach to Christian doctrine is not philosophical, and Milton does not attempt at "knowing" God. Instead, we have to find God "in the Holy Scriptures alone and with the Holy Spirit as guide."''Christian Doctrine'' Ch. 1 Milton grounds his message in Christian teaching when he says: As such, Milton promotes the idea that his whole work comes only from the teachings of Christ, and that Christian doctrine can only come from Christ.


Milton's God

Milton's version of God is characterized by the darker aspects of .Lieb p. 8 Milton's God is an "over-whelming force" that, in some of Milton's works, appears "as the embodiment of dread." Along with this, God is not definable, but some of his aspects are knowable: he is one, omnipresent, and eternal. Milton's interpretation of God has been described as
Arian Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God t ...
. Kelley explains the actual usage of this term as he says, "Milton may be quite correctly called an Arian if he holds an
anti-Trinitarian Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the mainstream Christian doctrine of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence ...
view of God; and it is in this sense that scholars have been calling Milton an Arian since the publication of the in 1825." In particular, ''Christian Doctrine'' denies the eternity of the
Son A son is a male offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative. Social issues In pre-industrial societies and some current c ...
, Jesus's pre-birth title.Kelley "Milton and the Trinity" p. 317 Such a denial separates the unity between God and the Son. However, some claim that Milton did believe that the Son is eternal, since he was begotten before time, and that he represents part of the Logos. But this cannot be, as Kelley points out, "Milton concludes, the Son was begotten not from eternity but 'within the limits of time.'" Although some have argued that the Son is equal in some respects with God, the Son lacks the complete attributes of God. Another aspect of Milton's God is that he is material. This is not to say that he has a human form, as Milton states, "God in his most simple nature is a SPIRIT." However, such "spirits" to Milton, as with many of his contemporaries like
Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5/15 April 1588 – 4/14 December 1679) was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book ''Leviathan'', in which he expounds an influent ...
, are a type of material. God, from his material essence, is able to establish all other matter and then manipulate that matter to create forms and beings.


Critical response

In the mid 20th century,
C. A. Patrides Constantinos Apostolos Patrides (1930 – 23 September 1986) was a Greek–American academic and writer, and "one of the greatest scholars of Renaissance literature of his generation". His books list the name C. A. Patrides; his Christian nam ...
declared ''Christian Doctrine'' as a "theological labyrinth" and as "an abortive venture into theology." The style of organisation has been identified as (in large part)
Ramist Ramism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic, and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher, and Huguenot convert, who was murdered during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572. Accor ...
, or at least compatible with the elaborate charting by Ramean trees common in some of the systematic and scholastic
Calvinist Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
theologies of the early seventeenth century.Campbell, Gordon; Corns, Thomas N.; Hale, John K.; Holmes, David; and Tweedie, Fiona (5 October 1996)
"Milton and ''De Doctrina Christiana''"
. Bangor University. Retrieved 27 April 2013.


Notes


References

* Bauman, Michael. ''Milton's Arianism''. Peter Lang. 1987. * Campbell, Gordon; Corns, Thomas N.; Hale, John K.; Holmes, David; and Tweedie, Fiona. "The Provenance of ''De Doctrina Christiana''", ''Milton Quarterly'' 31 (1997) pp. 67–117 * ---- ''Milton and the Manuscript of De Doctrina Christiana'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. 240 pp. * Campbell, Gordon. "The Son of God in ''De Doctrina Christiana'' and ''Paradise Lost''" ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 75, No. 3 (Jul. 1980), pp. 507–514 * Falcone, F. (2010). More challenges to Milton's authorship of ''De doctrina Christiana''. Acme: annali della Facoltà di lettere e filosofia dell'Università degli studi di Milano, 63(1), 231–250. * Fallon, Stephen. "Milton's Arminianism and the Authorship of ''De Doctrina Christiana''" ''Texas Studies in Literature and Language'' 41, No. 2 (1999), pp. 103–127 * Hunter, William B. "The Provenance of the Christian Doctrine". ''SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900'', Vol. 32, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1992), pp. 129–142 * Kelley, Maurice. ''This Great Argument''. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1962. * ---- "Milton and the Trinity" ''The Huntington Library Quarterly'', Vol. 33, No. 4 (Aug. 1970), pp. 315–320 *
Lewalski, Barbara Barbara Josephine Lewalski (; February 22, 1931 – March 2, 2018)Roberts, Sam (March 29, 2018).. ''The New York Times''. nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30. {{DEFAULTSORT:Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer 1931 births 2018 deaths American academics o ...
. "Milton and ''De Doctrina Christiana'': Evidences of Authorship", ''Milton Studies'' 36 (1998), pp. 203–228 * Lieb, Michael. ''Theological Milton: Deity, Discourse and Heresy in the Miltonic Canon''. Pittsburg: Duquesne University Press. 2006. 348 pp. * ---- "''De Doctrina Christiana'' and the Question of Authorship", ''Milton Studies'' 41 (2002) pp. 172–230 * Milton, John. ''The Complete Poetry and Essential Prose'' ed. William Kerrigan, John Rumrich, and Stephen Fallon. New York: The Modern Library. 2007. 1365 pp. * ---- ''The Complete Prose Works of John Milton''. Vol 6. ''Christian Doctrine'' ed. Maurice Kelley. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1953–1982. * ---- ''A treatise on Christian doctrine compiled from the Holy Scriptures alone'' trans. Charles Richard Sumner. Cambridge: J. Smith. 1825. * ---- ''Christian Doctrine. Vol. VI, Complete Prose Works of John Milton''. Ed. Maurice Kelley, trans. John Carey. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1973. * Patrides, C. A. "''Paradise Lost'' and the Language of Theology", ''Language and Style in Milton: A Symposium in Honor of the Tercentenary of "Paradise Lost"'', ed. Ronald David Emma and John T. Shawcross. New York: Frederick Unger. 1967. * Reesing, John "The Materiality of God in Milton's De Doctrina Christiana" ''The Harvard Theological Review'', Vol. 50, No. 3 (Jul. 1957), pp. 159–173 * Schwartz, Regina M. "Citation, Authority, and ''De Doctrina Christiana''", in ''Politics, Poetics, and Hermeneutics in Milton's Prose'' ed. David Loewenstein and James Turner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990


Further reading

* Patrides, C. A. ''Milton and the Christian Tradition'' (Oxford, 1966) * Patrides, C. A. ''Bright Essence: Studies in Milton's Theology'' (University of Utah, 1971) * Patrides, C. A. ''Selected Prose by John Milton'' (University of Missouri, 1985)


External links


''De Doctrina Christiana''''A Treatise on Christian Doctrine''
{{Authority control 17th-century Christian texts 17th-century manuscripts 1823 archaeological discoveries 1825 non-fiction books Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom Books published posthumously Nontrinitarianism Christian theology books English non-fiction literature New Latin literature Books by John Milton Treatises 17th-century Latin books 19th-century Latin books Works of uncertain authorship