Dame Olga Maria Elisabeth Friederike Schwarzkopf, (9 December 19153 August 2006) was a German-born Austro-British soprano. She was among the foremost singers of lieder, and is renowned for her performances of Viennese operetta, as well as the operas of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss. After retiring from the stage, she was a voice teacher internationally. She is considered one of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century.

Early life

Schwarzkopf was born on 9 December 1915 in Jarocin, Jarotschin in the Province of Posen in Prussia, German Empire, Germany (now Poland) to Friedrich Schwarzkopf and his wife, Elisabeth (). Schwarzkopf performed in her first opera in 1928, as Eurydice in a school production of Christoph Willibald Gluck, Gluck's ''Orfeo ed Euridice'' in Magdeburg, Germany. In 1934, Schwarzkopf began her musical studies at the Berlin University of the Arts, Berlin Hochschule für Musik, where her singing tutor, Lula Mysz-Gmeiner, attempted to train her to be a mezzo-soprano. Schwarzkopf later trained under Maria Ivogün, and in 1938 joined the Deutsche Oper Berlin, Deutsche Oper.

Early career

In 1933, shortly after the Nazis came to power, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf's father, a local school headmaster, was dismissed from his position by the new ruling authorities for having refused to allow a Nazi party meeting at his school. He was also banned from taking any new teaching post. Until Friedrich Schwarzkopf's dismissal, the probability was that the 17-year-old Elisabeth would have studied medicine after passing her Abitur; but now, as the daughter of a banned school teacher, she was not allowed to enter university and she commenced music studies at the Berlin University of the Arts, Berlin Hochschule für Musik. Schwarzkopf made her professional debut at the Deutsche Oper Berlin (then called Deutsches Opernhaus) on 15 April 1938, as the Second Flower Maiden (First Group) in act 2 of Richard Wagner's ''Parsifal''. In 1940 Schwarzkopf was awarded a full contract with the Deutsches Opernhaus, a condition of which was that she had to join the Nazi party. Since the theme was brought up in the dissertation of the Austrian historian Oliver Rathkolb in 1982, the question of Schwarzkopf's relationship with the Nazi Party has been discussed repeatedly in the media and in literature. There was criticism that Schwarzkopf, not only in the years immediately after the war but also in confrontation with revelations made in the 1980s and 1990s made contradictory statements, including in regard to her membership in the NSDAP (Member No. 7,548,960). At first, she denied this and then with varying explanations defended it. In one version, for example, she claimed that she joined the party only at the insistence of her father who, himself, had earlier lost his position as school principal after forbidding a Nazi program in the school. Further publications discussed her musical performances during the war before Nazi party conferences and for units of the Waffen-SS. Her defenders argue in favor of her claim that she always strictly separated art from politics and that she was a non-political person. In 1942, she was invited to sing with the Vienna State Opera, where her roles included Konstanze in Mozart's ''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'', Musetta and later Mimì in Giacomo Puccini, Puccini's ''La bohème'' and Violetta in Giuseppe Verdi, Verdi's'' La traviata''. Schwarzkopf starred in five feature films for Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, in which she acted, sang and played the piano.

Post-war career

In 1945, Schwarzkopf was granted Austrian citizenship to enable her to sing in the Vienna State Opera (''Wiener Staatsoper''). In 1947 and 1948, Schwarzkopf appeared on tour with the Vienna State Opera at London's Royal Opera House at Covent Garden on 16 September 1947 as Donna Elvira in Mozart's ''Don Giovanni'' and at La Scala on 28 December 1948, as the Countess in Mozart's ''The Marriage of Figaro'', which became one of her signature roles. Schwarzkopf later made her official debut at the Royal Opera House on 16 January 1948, as Pamina in Mozart's ''The Magic Flute'', in performances sung in English, and at La Scala on 29 June 1950 singing Beethoven's ''Missa solemnis (Beethoven), Missa solemnis''. Schwarzkopf's association with the Milanese house in the early 1950s gave her the opportunity to sing certain roles on stage for the only time in her career: Mélisande in Debussy's ''Pelléas et Mélisande (opera), Pelléas et Mélisande'', Iole in Handel's ''Hercules (Handel), Hercules'', Marguerite in Gounod's ''Faust (opera), Faust'', Elsa in Wagner's ''Lohengrin (opera), Lohengrin'', as well as her first Marschallin in Richard Strauss's ''Der Rosenkavalier'' and her first Fiordiligi in Mozart's ''Così fan tutte'' at the Piccola Scala. On 11 September 1951, she appeared as Anne Trulove in the world premiere of Stravinsky's ''The Rake's Progress''. Schwarzkopf made her American concert debut with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on October 28 and 29, 1954, in Strauss's ''Four Last Songs'' and the closing scene from ''Capriccio (opera), Capriccio'' with Fritz Reiner conducting; her Carnegie Hall debut was a Lieder recital on 25 November 1956; her American opera debut was with the San Francisco Opera on 20 September 1955 as the Marschallin, and her debut at the Metropolitan Opera on 13 October 1964, also as the Marschallin. In March 1946, Schwarzkopf was invited to audition for Walter Legge, an influential British classical record producer and a founder of the Philharmonia Orchestra. Legge asked her to sing Hugo Wolf's lied ''Wer rief dich denn?'' and, impressed, signed her to an exclusive contract with EMI. They began a close partnership and Legge subsequently became Schwarzkopf's manager and companion. They were married on 19 October 1953 in Epsom, Surrey; Schwarzkopf thus acquired British citizenship by marriage. Schwarzkopf would divide her time between lieder recitals and opera performances for the rest of her career. When invited in 1958 to select her eight favourite records on the BBC's ''Desert Island Discs'', Schwarzkopf chose seven of her own recordings, and an eighth of Herbert von Karajan, Karajan conducting the ''Rosenkavalier'' prelude, as they evoked fond memories of the people she had worked with. In the 1960s, Schwarzkopf concentrated nearly exclusively on five operatic roles: Donna Elvira in ''Don Giovanni'', Countess Almaviva in ''The Marriage of Figaro'', Fiordiligi in ''Così fan tutte'', Countess Madeleine in Strauss's ''Capriccio'', and the Marschallin. She was also well received as Alice Ford in Verdi's ''Falstaff (opera), Falstaff''. However, on the EMI label she made several "champagne operetta" recordings like Franz Lehár's ''The Merry Widow'' and Johann Strauss II's ''The Gypsy Baron''. Schwarzkopf's last operatic performance was as the Marschallin on 31 December 1971, in the theatre of La Monnaie in Brussels. For the next several years, she devoted herself exclusively to lieder recitals. On 17 March 1979, Walter Legge suffered a severe heart attack. He disregarded doctor's orders to rest and attended Schwarzkopf's final recital two days later in Zurich. Three days later, he died.

Retirement and death

After retiring (almost immediately after her husband's death), Schwarzkopf taught and gave master classes around the world, notably at the Juilliard School in New York City. After living in Switzerland for many years, she took up residence in Austria. She was made a doctor of music by the University of Cambridge in 1976, and became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1992. Schwarzkopf died in her sleep during the night of 2–3 August 2006 at her home in Schruns, Vorarlberg, Austria, aged 90. Her ashes, and those of Walter Legge, were buried next to her parents in Zumikon near Zürich, where she had lived from 1982 to 2003.

Legacy

Her discography is considerable both in quality and in quantity and is distinguished for her Mozart and Richard Strauss operatic portrayals, her two commercial recordings of Strauss's ''Four Last Songs'' and her recordings of lieder, especially those of Hugo Wolf, Wolf. Schwarzkopf is generally considered to have been the greatest German lyric soprano of the twentieth century and one of the finest Mozart singers of all time with an "indescribably beautiful" voice. Schwarzkopf's entry in ''The Grove Book of Opera Singers'' concludes: "Although she dismissed her [Nazi Party] membership as a professional necessity, her reputation has remained tarnished by what seems to have been an active party membership."

Awards

* 1950: Lilli Lehmann Medal, Mozarteum International Foundation, Salzburg * 1959: 1. "Orfeo d'Oro", Mantua (?) * 1969: ''Orphée d'or'' recording award from the Académie du disque lyrique in Paris * 1961: Edison Award, Amsterdam * 1961: Awarded the title Deutsche Kammersängerin * 1964: Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music * 1967: Stockholm television award for best European soprano Stockholmer * 1971: Hugo-Wolf Medal * 1974: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany * 1982: Mozart Medal of the city of Frankfurt am Main * 1983: Honorary member of the Vienna State Opera and title of Kammersängerin * 1986: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres * 1991: UNESCO Mozart Medal * 1992: Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to music * 2002: * 2012: Voted into Gramophone Hall of Fame

Quotations

* ''(After being asked about Peter Sellars)'' "There are names I do not want mentioned in my home. Do not say that name in my presence. I have seen what he has done, and it is criminal. As my husband used to say, so far no one has dared go into the Musée du Louvre, Louvre Museum to spray graffiti on the ''Mona Lisa'', but some opera directors are spraying graffiti over masterpieces." – ''Newsweek'' interview, 15 October 1990 * "Many composers today don't know what the human throat is. At Bloomington, Indiana, I was invited to listen to music written in quarter tones for four harps and voices. I had to go out to be sick." – ''Newsweek'' interview, 15 October 1990 * ''(Asked in 1995 if she would sing in the cultural climate of the 1990s if she were much younger)'' "It's a kind of prostitution now. There is nobody I envy. There's a disintegration of integrity in our profession."

Recordings

*''Recital at Carnegie Hall'' (1956), EMI in "Great Performances of the Century", 1989"Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Recital"
review by John von Rhein, ''Chicago Tribune'', 30 April 1989 Bach * ''St Matthew Passion'' (Otto Klemperer, Klemperer), Philharmonia Orchestra (Warner Classics 1961) Brahms * ''A German Requiem (Brahms), A German Requiem'' (Klemperer), Philharmonia Orchestra (Warner Classics 1961) Humperdinck * ''Hänsel und Gretel (opera), Hänsel und Gretel'' (Herbert von Karajan, Karajan) (1953) Naxos 8.110897-98 Lehár * ''The Land of Smiles, Das Land des Lächelns'' (Ackermann) (1953) and excerpts from Lehár Operettas Naxos 8.111016-17 * ''The Merry Widow, Die lustige Witwe'' (Erich Kunz, Kunz, Nicolai Gedda, Gedda) (1953) Naxos 8.111007 Mozart * ''Don Giovanni'' (Carlo Maria Giulini, Philharmonia Orchestra) (Warner Classics 1959) with Joan Sutherland as Donna Anna. * ''The Marriage of Figaro, Le nozze di Figaro'' (Carlo Maria Giulini, Philharmonia Orchestra) (Warner Classics 1959) * ''Così fan tutte'' (Otto, Karajan) (1954) Naxos 8.111232-34 * ''The Magic Flute, Die Zauberflöte'' (Otto Klemperer) (1960) (EMI 5673852). She plays the First Lady. * ''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'' (Rudolf Moralt) (1949) (Gala GL100.501) Puccini *''Turandot'' as Liù (Tullio Serafin, La Scala Orchestra; 1957 EMI Classics) Maria Callas, Callas as Turandot Johann Strauss II * ''Die Fledermaus'' (Gedda, Karajan) (1955) Naxos 8.111036-37 *Der Zigeunerbaron (Gedda, Prey, Kunz) (1954 Otto Ackermann (conductor), Otto Ackermann, Philharmonia Orchestra & Chorus) EMI Classics 67535 ADD monaural 2CDs: 56:00, 44:11 Richard Strauss * ''Der Rosenkavalier'' (Herbert von Karajan) (1956) (EMI 77357) The Marschallin was considered her signature-role. * ''Four Last Songs'' / ''Arabella'' (highlights) (Ackermann, Matacic) (1953, 1954) Naxos 8.111145 * ''Four Last Songs'' (Szell; 1965; Warner Classics "Great Recordings of the Century"; Cat: 0724356696020) * ''Ariadne auf Naxos'' (Streich, Karajan) (1954) Naxos 8.111033-34 * ''Capriccio (opera), Capriccio'' (Christa Ludwig, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Nicolai Gedda, Wolfgang Sawallisch) (1957) Warner Classics CDS 7 49014-8 Verdi * ''Requiem (Verdi), Messa da Requiem'' (Di Stefano, De Sabata) (1954) Naxos 8.111049-50 Richard Wagner * ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg'' (Karajan) (1951) Naxos 8.110872-75

Video

She can be seen in two videotaped performances as the Der Rosenkavalier, Marschallin: * ''Schwarzkopf Seefried Fischer-Dieskau'', a black-and-white DVD of these three singers. Schwarzkopf performs the Act I Finale from ''Der Rosenkavalier'', from a performance filmed in London, 1961. Published by Warner Classics, Catalog number DVB 4904429. * ''Der Rosenkavalier (1962 film), Der Rosenkavalier: the Film'', a color videotape/DVD of a full length performance conducted by Herbert von Karajan with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra from the 1961 Salzburg Festival, featuring Sena Jurinac, Anneliese Rothenberger, Otto Edelmann and Erich Kunz; film directed by Paul Czinner. Published by KULTUR. ASIN: B0043988GM.

Notes and references

External links

Bach Cantatas biography

Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Museum in Hohenems/Austria
* BB
Obituary: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
* ''The Guardian'' (Alan Blyth
Obituary: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
* ''The Times'
Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
(obituary) * ''The Daily Telegraph'
Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
(obituary) * ''The Washington Post'' (Adam Bernstein
Renowned Coloratura Soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, 90
(obituary) * ''The Washington Post'' (Tim Page

(appreciation) * Norman Lebrecht
Schwarzkopf's Career Had Somber Side
* BB
Soprano Schwarzkopf dies aged 90
* BB
Diva's 'place in history assured'
* ''The Guardian'' (Charlotte Higgins
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf dies at 90
*
Prewar photo of Schwarzkopf as Zerbinetta
(scroll down)
Discography
warnerclassics.com

from sopranos.freeservers.com
Another Discography
(Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings) {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth 1915 births 2006 deaths Lieder singers Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Singers awarded knighthoods German operatic sopranos People from the Province of Posen People from Jarocin Nazi Party members Berlin University of the Arts alumni Österreichischer Kammersänger Naturalised citizens of Austria Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century German women opera singers Voice teachers Women music educators Women in Nazi Germany