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The ''D'Assas'' class comprised three protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the early 1890s; the ships were , , and . They were ordered as part of a naval construction program directed at France's rivals, Italy and Germany, particularly after Italy made progress in modernizing its own fleet. The plan was also intended to remedy a deficiency in cruisers that had been revealed during training exercises in the 1880s. As such, the ''D'Assas''-class cruisers were intended to operate as fleet scouts and in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of six guns supported by four guns and they had a top speed of . A fourth ship, designated "G3" in the 1894 budget, was authorized but was canceled the following year.
All three ships began service in the Mediterranean Squadron (France), Mediterranean Squadron in the late 1890s, though ''D'Assas'' was later transferred to the Northern Squadron in 1901 and then to French Indochina in 1904. ''Du Chayla'' supported an amphibious landing in French Morocco in 1907 and ''Cassard'' joined her there the following year. ''D'Assas'' was discarded in 1914, but the other two members of the class saw service during World War I, primarily patrolling the Atlantic for German commerce raiders. Both ships were partially disarmed late in the conflict and ''Cassard'' became a gunnery training ship while ''Du Chayla'' remained in active service. She took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1919 before being sold to ship breakers in 1920, while ''Cassard'' lingered on in service until 1924, when she, too, was sold for scrap.
In the late 1880s, the Italian (Royal Navy) accelerated construction of ships for its fleet and reorganized the most modern ironclad warship, ironclad battleships—the and es—into a fast squadron suitable for offensive operations. These developments provoked a strong response in the French press. The Budget Committee in the French Chamber of Deputies (France), Chamber of Deputies began to press for a "two-power standard" in 1888, which would see the French fleet enlarged to equal the combined Italian and German fleets, then France's two main rivals on the continent. This initially came to nothing, as the supporters of the doctrine called for a fleet largely based on squadron (naval), squadrons of torpedo boats to defend the French coasts rather than an expensive fleet of ironclads. This view had significant support in the Chamber of Deputies.
The next year, a war scare with Italy led to further outcry to strengthen the fleet. To compound matters, the visit of a German squadron of four ironclads to Italy confirmed French concerns of a combined Italo-German fleet that would dramatically outnumber their own. Training exercises held in France that year demonstrated that the slower French fleet would be unable to prevent the faster Italian squadron from bombarding the French coast at will, in part because it lacked enough cruisers (and doctrine to use them) to scout for the enemy ships.
To correct the weaknesses of the French fleet, on 22 November 1890, the Conseil supérieur de la Marine, Superior Council authorized a new construction program directed not at simple parity with the Italian and German fleets, but numerical superiority. In addition to twenty-four new battleships, a total of seventy cruisers were to be built for use in home waters and overseas in the French colonial empire. The ''D'Assas'' class were ordered to as part of the program, and were very similar to the earlier s.
''D'Assas'' and ''Cassard'' initially served with the Mediterranean Squadron (France), Mediterranean Squadron after entering service in 1898, and they were joined by ''Du Chayla'' the following year. In 1901, ''D'Assas'' had been transferred to the Northern Squadron, based in the English Channel. During this period, they were occupied with routine peacetime training exercises with the rest of the main French fleets in home waters. ''D'Assas'' was deployed to the cruiser squadron based in French Indochina in East Asia, and in 1905, she assisted with the unsuccessful attempt to re-float the armored cruiser after it ran aground. By that time, ''Cassard'' had been reduced to reserve fleet, reserve.
In August 1907, ''Du Chayla'' supported an amphibious assault in French Morocco during the Bombardment of Casablanca (1907), Bombardment of Casablanca. ''Cassard'' was reactivated in 1908 for a deployment to French Morocco. ''D'Assas'' returned home that year to be converted into a fast minelayer, along with ''Cassard'', but the project was deemed to be too expensive, and ''D'Assas'' was instead placed in reserve fleet, reserve and briefly used as a storage hulk (ship), hulk for waste oil from 1910 to 1913. ''D'Assas'' was struck from the naval register in 1914; she was then sold to ship breakers.
At the start of World War I in August 1914, ''Cassard'' initially operated out of Morocco, patrolling for German U-boats. ''Du Chayla'' was also assigned to patrol duty in the Atlantic, but she, too, saw no action. In September, ''Cassard'' bombarded local villages in Morocco to suppress challenges to French colonial rule. The ship was later transferred to the western Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and Red Seas, along with a deployment to the Indian Ocean in 1917. By 1918, ''Du Chayla'' had been partially disarmed to supply weapons to the French Army. She took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1919 but was recalled to France in 1920, where she was struck from the naval register in 1921 and sold to ship breakers. In the meantime, ''Cassard'' was partially disarmed after World War I and was converted into a gunnery training ship, though she was struck from the register in 1924 and sold for scrap.
Background
In the late 1880s, the Italian (Royal Navy) accelerated construction of ships for its fleet and reorganized the most modern ironclad warship, ironclad battleships—the and es—into a fast squadron suitable for offensive operations. These developments provoked a strong response in the French press. The Budget Committee in the French Chamber of Deputies (France), Chamber of Deputies began to press for a "two-power standard" in 1888, which would see the French fleet enlarged to equal the combined Italian and German fleets, then France's two main rivals on the continent. This initially came to nothing, as the supporters of the doctrine called for a fleet largely based on squadron (naval), squadrons of torpedo boats to defend the French coasts rather than an expensive fleet of ironclads. This view had significant support in the Chamber of Deputies.
The next year, a war scare with Italy led to further outcry to strengthen the fleet. To compound matters, the visit of a German squadron of four ironclads to Italy confirmed French concerns of a combined Italo-German fleet that would dramatically outnumber their own. Training exercises held in France that year demonstrated that the slower French fleet would be unable to prevent the faster Italian squadron from bombarding the French coast at will, in part because it lacked enough cruisers (and doctrine to use them) to scout for the enemy ships.
To correct the weaknesses of the French fleet, on 22 November 1890, the Conseil supérieur de la Marine, Superior Council authorized a new construction program directed not at simple parity with the Italian and German fleets, but numerical superiority. In addition to twenty-four new battleships, a total of seventy cruisers were to be built for use in home waters and overseas in the French colonial empire. The ''D'Assas'' class were ordered to as part of the program, and were very similar to the earlier s.
Design
The design for the ''D'Assas'' class was prepared by Delphin Albert Lhomme, who based in on the earlier ''Friant'' class. Lhomme lengthened the hull by to add space for additional ammunition storage and widened it by to improve stability. The longer hull also permitted slightly finer hull lines, and thus greater hydrodynamic efficiency; while the ships of the ''D'Assas'' class were faster than those of the ''Friant'' type, they still failed to match the top speed of the progenitor of their design lineage, . The larger hull also provided for better ammunition feeding from the magazine (artillery), magazines to the amidships guns.General characteristics and machinery
The ''D'Assas''-class cruisers were long between perpendiculars and length overall, long overall. They had a beam (nautical), beam of , but the sponsons for the main battery extended to a beam of . The ships had an average draft (hull), draft of , which increased to aft. displacement (ship), displaced , while the other two vessels displaced . ''D'Assas'' suffered from stability problems and reportedly sat lower in the water than her sister ships. The ships' hull (watercraft), hulls featured a pronounced naval ram, ram bow and a tumblehome shape, which were common characteristics of major French warships of the period. The ram bow was not reinforced to permit it to actually be used to ram enemy vessels. They had a flush deck with a sloped stern. Their superstructure consisted of a main conning tower with a bridge (nautical), bridge forward and a smaller, secondary conning tower aft. The ships were fitted with a pair of pole masts with spotting tops for observation and signaling purposes. The masts each held a searchlight, and another pair of lights were placed in the hull forward, and two more were placed toward the stern. Their crew varied over the course of their careers and ranged from 370 to 392 officers and enlisted men. The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers for ''D'Assas'' and ''Cassard'', while ''Du Chayla'' received 3-cylinder engines. Steam was provided by twenty coal-burning Lagrafel d'Allest water-tube boilers that were ducted into three funnel (ship), funnels on the centerline (nautical), centerline amidships. Their machinery was rated to produce for a top speed of , which all three ships met on their initial speed tests, achieving speeds of from . Coal storage amounted to , which permitted a cruising radius of at and at 20 knots according to a contemporary report from the United States' Office of Naval Intelligence, though the modern historian Stephen Roberts credits the ships with a range of at ten knots.Armament and armor
The ships were armed with a main battery of six Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893, Modèle 1893 45-caliber (artillery), caliber guns, except ''Du Chayla'', which received six earlier M1887 pattern guns of the same bore diameter. They were placed in individual pivot mounts; one was on the forecastle, two were in sponsons abreast the forward conning tower, another pair was in sponsons further aft, and the last gun was on the stern. The guns fired a variety of shells, including solid cast iron projectiles, and explosive armor-piercing shell, armor-piercing (AP) and semi-armor-piercing shells. The muzzle velocity ranged from . These were supported by a secondary armament, secondary battery of four Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891, Modèle 1891 guns, which were carried in pivot mounts in the conning towers, one on each side per tower. The guns fired cast iron and AP shells with a muzzle velocity of . For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried ten QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss, M1885 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns, two QF 1-pounder pom-pom, M1885 1-pounder guns, and three 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, all in individual mounts. The ships were also armed with two torpedo tubes in their hull above the waterline according to the naval historian Stephen Roberts in ''French Warships in the Age of Steam'', though ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships'' lists the diameter of the torpedoes as . Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck (ship), deck that was thick on the flat portion, increasing to on the sides that sloped down to the side of the hull. The deck consisted of extra mild steel, and was layered on top of of hull plating. Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline. Below the main deck, a thin splinter deck that was thick covered the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines to protect them from shell fragments. The conning towers aboard ''Du Chayla'' and ''Cassard'' had thick plating on the sides, while ''D'Assas'' received 80 mm plating for her tower. The main and secondary guns were fitted with gun shields.Modifications
The ships underwent a series of changes to their armament over the course of their careers. In 1898, around the time ''Cassard'' and ''Du Chayla'' were placed in full ship commissioning, commission, the light armament was revised to six 47 mm guns, and a third 37 mm QF gun was added and by 1902, the Hotchkiss revolvers were removed from both vessels. For ''D'Assas'', another three 37 mm guns had been added in 1901, but she retained her revolver cannon until 1906. That year, ''Cassard'' lost her torpedo tubes, and ''Du Chayla'' had hers removed in 1908. ''Cassard'' and ''Du Chayla'' both lost much of their weaponry during World War I so the guns could be used in other vessels or ashore by the French Army. By 1917, ''Cassard''s armament had been reduced to just two of her 164.7 mm guns. The following year, she had four M1877 guns added. Also in 1918, ''Du Chayla'' had her armament reduced to two 164.7 mm guns, four M1897 guns in her sponsons, and four 47 mm guns. In 1919, two of ''Du Chayla''s 47 mm guns were transferred to ''Cassard''. ''Cassard'' was rearmed a final time after the war in 1921, by which time she was serving as a gunnery training ships. For that purpose, she was fitted with a variety of guns, including one 164.7 mm gun aft, one gun in the bow position, two 90 mm guns in the forward pair of sponsons, two 75 mm guns in the aft sponsons, and two 47 mm guns.Construction
Service history
''D'Assas'' and ''Cassard'' initially served with the Mediterranean Squadron (France), Mediterranean Squadron after entering service in 1898, and they were joined by ''Du Chayla'' the following year. In 1901, ''D'Assas'' had been transferred to the Northern Squadron, based in the English Channel. During this period, they were occupied with routine peacetime training exercises with the rest of the main French fleets in home waters. ''D'Assas'' was deployed to the cruiser squadron based in French Indochina in East Asia, and in 1905, she assisted with the unsuccessful attempt to re-float the armored cruiser after it ran aground. By that time, ''Cassard'' had been reduced to reserve fleet, reserve.
In August 1907, ''Du Chayla'' supported an amphibious assault in French Morocco during the Bombardment of Casablanca (1907), Bombardment of Casablanca. ''Cassard'' was reactivated in 1908 for a deployment to French Morocco. ''D'Assas'' returned home that year to be converted into a fast minelayer, along with ''Cassard'', but the project was deemed to be too expensive, and ''D'Assas'' was instead placed in reserve fleet, reserve and briefly used as a storage hulk (ship), hulk for waste oil from 1910 to 1913. ''D'Assas'' was struck from the naval register in 1914; she was then sold to ship breakers.
At the start of World War I in August 1914, ''Cassard'' initially operated out of Morocco, patrolling for German U-boats. ''Du Chayla'' was also assigned to patrol duty in the Atlantic, but she, too, saw no action. In September, ''Cassard'' bombarded local villages in Morocco to suppress challenges to French colonial rule. The ship was later transferred to the western Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and Red Seas, along with a deployment to the Indian Ocean in 1917. By 1918, ''Du Chayla'' had been partially disarmed to supply weapons to the French Army. She took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1919 but was recalled to France in 1920, where she was struck from the naval register in 1921 and sold to ship breakers. In the meantime, ''Cassard'' was partially disarmed after World War I and was converted into a gunnery training ship, though she was struck from the register in 1924 and sold for scrap.
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