Cycas micronesica

''Cycas micronesica'' is a species of cycad found on the island of Yap in Micronesia, the Marianas islands of Guam and Rota, and The Republic of Palau. It is commonly known as federico nut or ''fadang'' in Chamorro. The species, previously lumped with ''Cycas rumphii'' and ''Cycas circinalis'', was described in 1994 by Ken Hill. Paleoecological studies have determined that ''C. micronesica'' has been present on the island of Guam for about 9,000 years. It is linked with Lytico-Bodig disease, a condition similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), due to the neurotoxin BMAA found in its seeds, which were a traditional food source on Guam until the 1960s. The neurotoxin is present due to its symbiosis with cyanobacteria.

Description

''Cycas'' ''micronesica'' is a medium-sized tree most commonly 2–5 meters tall but can reach heights up to 15 meters. The tree has a straight palm like trunk ringed with frond scars.

Leaves

Leaves are 140–180 cm long, flat in section (opposing pinnae inserted at 180 degrees on rhachis), with 130 -150 pinnae, terminated by a spine c. 4mm long; petiole usually glabrous, usually unarmed, rarely spinescent for up to 20% of length, 35 – 45 cm long; median pinnae at 70-80 degrees to rachis, 240 – 280 mm long, 16 –17 mm wide, 0.35 - 0.45 mm thick, glabrous, dull green or slightly bluish-green when developing, becoming glossy mid-green at maturity, flat in section with slightly recurved margins, strongly discolorous, decurrent for 7–10 mm, narrowed to 5.0-6.0 mm at base, 17 – 20 mm apart on rhachis apex attenuate; midrib not sharply raised, more or less equally prominent above and below, 1.2 -1.5 mm wide.

Reproductive organs

Like all cycads, ''Cycas'' ''micronesica'' are dioecious. Females possess clusters of ovules situated on modified leaves called megasporophylls. Male reproductive structures consist of modified leaves called microsporophylls, but each modified leaf has small, compact pollen sacks attached to their lower surface. There has been documentation of the symbiotic relationship the Guamanian ''C. micronesica'' with Anatrachyntis sp., which depends on male cones (microsporangia) for oviposition and recruitment in return for pollinating the species.

The microsporangiate cones are pale fawn to pale orange-brown, narrowly ovoid, 30–50 cm long, 8–10 cm in diameter. Microsporophyll lamina are 35–45 mm long, 20–25 mm wide; fertile zone 25–35 mm long; sterile apex 7–10 mm long, not recurved, apical spine somewhat reduced, broad, sharply upturned, 2 mm long. Megasporophylls 27–33 cm long, grey- and orange-tomentose, with 2-6 ovules, lamina 45–55 mm wide, broadly ovate to elliptical, regularly dentate with 16-20 lateral spines, apical spine 8–15 mm long, lateral spines 2–6 mm long. Seeds flatten to ovoid, green becoming orange, not pruinose, 50–60 mm long, 45–50 mm in diameter; sarcotesta 3–6 mm thick.

Conservation

''Cycas micronesica'' is threatened by a combination of introduced species throughout the islands of Guam and Rota. The most notable pest is the diaspidid scale ''Aulacaspis yasumatsui'', which was first recognized in Guam in December 2003. Other threats include Cycad Blue Butterfly, the longhorn beetle ('' Dihammus marianarum'') which causes stem damage, the alien invasive snail ''Satsuma mercatorius'' which feeds on young leaflets, and habitat loss due to the growing human population. Prior to the invasion of '' Aulacaspis yasumatsu'', it was one of the most abundant plants in Guam's forests. Plant mortality was so rapid that the species was Red Listed as Endangered in 2006, only three years after the devastating invasions began . Population counts in northwest Guam has declined from 686 individuals in early 2004 (before ''Aulacaspis yasumatsui'' reached this habitat) to 87 individuals in January 2007. In 2004, '' Rhyzobius lophanthae'' was employed on Guam as a biological pest control and has lessened the population decline. However, they were ineffective on protecting cycad seedlings from ''Aulacaspis yasumatsui'' predation, as lack of seed vigor is one of the major factors contributing to C. micronesica decline.Marler, T., Miller, R., & Moore, A. (2013). Vertical Stratification of Predation on Aulacaspis yasumatsui Infesting Cycas micronesica Seedlings. ''HortScience,'' ''48''(1), 60-62.

References

External links

The Cycad Pages – ''Cycas micronesica''Plants_of_Guam_[Botanical
_University_of_Guam_College_of_Natural_Arts_and_Sciences.html" ;"title="otanical">Plants of Guam otanical">Plants_of_Guam_[Botanical
_University_of_Guam_College_of_Natural_Arts_and_Sciences_
Flickr:_Plants_of_Guam_by_Lauren_Gutierrez_-_Cycas_micronesica_K.D._HillGuam_Plant_Extinction_Prevention_Program

{{Taxonbar.html" ;"title="otanical
University of Guam College of Natural Arts and Sciences">otanical">Plants of Guam Flickr:_Plants_of_Guam_by_Lauren_Gutierrez_-_Cycas_micronesica_K.D._HillGuam_Plant_Extinction_Prevention_Program

{{Taxonbar">from=Q2711674

__FORCETOC__

Cycas.html" ;"title="otanical
University of Guam College of Natural Arts and Sciences
Flickr: Plants of Guam by Lauren Gutierrez - Cycas micronesica K.D. HillGuam Plant Extinction Prevention Program

{{Taxonbar">from=Q2711674

__FORCETOC__

micronesica
Flora_of_the_Northwestern_Pacific
Plants_described_in_1994.html" ;"title="Cycas">micronesica
Flora of the Northwestern Pacific
Plants described in 1994">Cycas">micronesica
Flora of the Northwestern Pacific
Plants described in 1994