Cusco–Collao (

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

, also ''Cuzco–Collao'') or Qusqu–Qullaw (

Quechua Quechua may refer to: *Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru *Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language **So ...

) is a collective term used for

dialects that have aspirated () and

ejective In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...

() plosives, apparently borrowed from

Aymaran languages Aymaran (also Jaqi or Aru) is one of the two dominant language families in the central Andes alongside Quechuan. The family consists of Aymara, widely spoken in Bolivia, and the endangered Jaqaru and Kawki languages of Peru. Hardman (1978) pro ...

. They include

Cusco Quechua Cuzco Quechua ( qu, Qusqu qhichwa simi) is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Cuzco and the Cuzco Region of Peru. It is the Quechua variety used by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cuzco, which also prefers the Spanish-based five- ...

, Puno Quechua,

North Bolivian Quechua North Bolivian Quechua is a dialect of the Southern Quechua Southern Quechua ( qu, Urin qichwa, es, quechua sureño), or simply Quechua (Qichwa or Qhichwa), is the most widely spoken of the major regional groupings of mutually intelligible di ...

, and

South Bolivian Quechua South Bolivian Quechua, also known as Central Bolivian Quechua, is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Bolivia and adjacent areas of Argentina, where it is also known as ''Colla''. It is not to be confused with North Bolivian Quechua, which ...

. Together with

Ayacucho Quechua Ayacucho (also called Chanca or Chanka after the local Chanka ethnicity that dominated the area before the Inca conquest) is a variety of Southern Quechua spoken in the Ayacucho Region, Peru, as well as by immigrants from Ayacucho in Lima. With ...

, which is mutually intelligible, they form the Southern Quechua language. In 1975, the term "Cusco-Collao" was coined by the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado as the name of one of six officially recognized regional varieties of Quechua in Peru, and is still used in both Spanish and Quechua forms in publications of the Peruvian government and SIL International. In linguistic terms, the group is problematic. Concerning vocabulary,

is closest to

, with which it has 96% lexical similarity, whereas Puno Quechua and the Bolivian Quechua varieties have borrowed more lexicon and morphology from

Aymara Aymara may refer to: Languages and people * Aymaran languages, the second most widespread Andean language ** Aymara language, the main language within that family ** Central Aymara, the other surviving branch of the Aymara(n) family, which today ...

and Spanish (e.g. the diminutive suffix ''-ita, -itu, -sita, -situ'' instead of ''-cha'': cf. "small stone": ''rumisitu'' in Bolivia vs. ''rumicha'' in both Cusco and Ayacucho). Typical for Cusco-Collao dialects is the appearance of

subordinating conjunctions In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. That definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech and so what constitutes a ...

, e.g. ''imaraykuchus'' (because) and ''sichus'' (if), or relative pronouns, e.g. ''pitachus'' (whom) or ''imachus'' (that, what), which are uncommon in Ayacucho Quechua and other Quechua varieties. Conjunctions like ''imaraykuchus'' are by far most common in the Bolivian dialects.See for exampl
Google search for "imaraykuchus" at site bible.is
which includes Bible translations in Quechua of Cusco, North Bolivia, and South Bolivia (as well as Ayacucho Quechua, which does not have this word). Otherwise, subordination in Quechua can be expressed by means of suffixes and infixes like ''-pti-'' and ''-spa'' or (to substitute relative clauses) ''-q'', ''-sqa'' and ''-na''.

Bibliography

* Antonio Cusihuamán (1976): Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao Castellano y vice versa Ministerio de educación del Perú * Antonio Cusihuamán (1976): Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao. Ministerio de educación del Perú

External links

Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu Qullaw. Qhichwa Simipi
(monolingual Quechua and bilingual Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer, Carmen Gladis Alosilla Morales, Victoria Choque Valer: Qullaw Qichwapa Simi Qullqan. Lima, 2014

References

Languages of Bolivia Languages of Peru Southern Quechua {{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub

See also

Bibliography

External links

References