Culture of Canada on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
The culture of Canada embodies the Canadian art, artistic, Canadian cuisine, culinary, Canadian literature, literary, Canadian humour, humour, Music of Canada, musical, Politics of Canada, political and social elements that are representative of Canadians. Throughout Canada's history, its culture has been influenced by Culture of Europe, European culture and traditions, mostly by the Culture of the United Kingdom, British and Culture of France, French, and by its own Aboriginal peoples in Canada, indigenous cultures. Over time, elements of the cultures of Canada's immigrant populations have become incorporated to form a Canadian cultural mosaic. Certain segments of Canada's population have, to varying extents, also been influenced by Culture of the United States, American culture due to shared language (in English-speaking Canada), significant Media of United States, media penetration and geographic proximity.
Canada is often characterized as being "very progressivism, progressive, Cultural diversity, diverse, and Multiculturalism in Canada, multicultural". Canada's Government of Canada, federal government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the Economic impact of immigration to Canada, social importance of immigration. Canada's culture draws from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a just society are constitutionally protected. Canadian Government policies—such as Health care in Canada, publicly funded health care; higher and more Income taxes in Canada, progressive taxation; outlawing Capital punishment in Canada, capital punishment; strong efforts to eliminate poverty in Canada, poverty; an emphasis on Cultural mosaic, cultural diversity; strict Gun politics in Canada, gun control; the legalization of Same-sex marriage in Canada, same-sex marriage, Abortion in Canada, pregnancy terminations, Euthanasia in Canada, euthanasia and Cannabis in Canada, cannabis — are social indicators of the country's politics of Canada, political and Canadian values, cultural values. Canadian identity, Canadians identify with the country's institutions of health care, Canadian peacekeeping, military peacekeeping, the National Parks of Canada, national park system and the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms''.
The Canadian government has influenced culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created crown corporations to promote Canadian culture through media, such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and promotes many events which it considers to promote Canadian traditions. It has also tried to Canadian cultural protectionism, protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content in many media using bodies like the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).
For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by Aboriginal peoples in Canada, indigenous peoples from a variety of Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas, different cultures and of Indigenous languages of the Americas, several major linguistic groupings. Although not without conflict and bloodshed, early European interactions with First Nations in Canada, First Nations and Inuit populations in what is now Canada were arguably peaceful. First Nations and Métis people (Canada), Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of Former colonies and territories in Canada, European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in the exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade. Combined with late Economic history of Canada, economic development in many regions, this comparably nonbelligerent early history allowed indigenous Canadians to have a lasting influence on the national culture (see: The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples). Over the course of three centuries, countless North American Indigenous words, inventions, concepts, and games have become an everyday part of Languages of Canada, Canadian language and use. List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin, Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The Name of Canada, name "Canada" itself derives from the Laurentian language, St. Lawrence Huron-Iroquoian word "Kanata" meaning "village" or "settlement".The name of Canada's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term "adawe" meaning "to trade".
In the 17th-century, French colonials settled New France in Acadia, in the present-day The Maritimes, Maritimes, and in ''Canada (New France), Canada'', along the Saint Lawrence River in present-day Quebec and Ontario. These regions were under French colonial empire, French control from 1534 to 1763. However, the Kingdom of Great Britain, British Siege of Port Royal (1710), conquered Acadia in 1710 and Conquest of New France (1758–1760), conquered ''Canada'' in 1760. The British were able to Deportation of the Acadians, deport most of the Acadians, but they were unable to deport the Canadiens of ''Canada (New France), Canada'' because they severely outnumbered the British forces. The British therefore had to Conquest of New France (1758–1760)#Consequences, make deals with Canadiens and Quebec nationalism, hope they would one day become assimilated. The American Revolution, from 1775 to 1783, provoked the migration of 40,000 to 50,000 United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies to the newly conquered British lands, which brought American influences to Canada for the first time. Following the War of 1812, many Scottish Canadian, Scottish and English Canadian, English people settled in Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Many Irish people fleeing the Great Famine (Ireland), Great Famine also arrived between 1845 and 1852.
The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the Military history of Canada during World War I, First World War and Military history of Canada during World War II, Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism; however, in 1917 and 1944, Conscription Crisis of 1917, conscription crises highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones. As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority. Canada, until the 1940s, was often described as "Multinational state, binational", with the 2 components being the cultural, linguistic and political identities of English Canadians and of French Canadians.
Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation and ''Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, Chinese Immigration Act'') that had favoured British, American and other European immigrants (such as Canadians of Dutch descent, Dutch, German Canadian, German, Italian Canadians, Italian, Polish Canadians, Polish, Swedish Canadian, Swedish and Ukrainian Canadian, Ukrainian) were amended during the 1960s, resulting in an influx of people of many different ethnicities. By the end of the 20th century, immigrants were increasingly Chinese Canadian, Chinese, Indian Canadian, Indian, Vietnamese Canadian, Vietnamese, Jamaican Canadian, Jamaican, Filipino Canadian, Filipino, Lebanese Canadians, Lebanese, Pakistani Canadians, Pakistani and Haitian Canadian, Haitian. By the 21st century Canada had Ethnic origins of people in Canada, thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller numbers. , 16.2% of the population self-identify as a visible minority.
Themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian culture. Modern Canadian culture as it is understood today can be traced to its time Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Expansion, period of westward expansion and nation building. Contributing factors include Canada's unique geography, climate, and cultural makeup. Being a cold country with long winter nights for most of the year, certain unique leisure activities developed in Canada during this period including ice hockey and embracement of the summer indigenous game of lacrosse.
By the 19th century, Canadians came to believe themselves possessed of a unique "northern character," due to the long, harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive. This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and sports that reflected this, such as snowshoeing and cross-country skiing, were asserted as characteristically Canadian. During this period, the churches tried to influence leisure activities by preaching against drinking, and scheduling annual revivals and weekly club activities. In a society in which most middle-class families now owned a harmonium or piano, and standard education included at least the rudiments of music, the result was often an original song. Such stirrings frequently occurred in response to noteworthy events, and few local or national excitements were allowed to pass without some musical comment.Making Music: Profiles from a Century of Canadian Music, Alex Barris and Ted Barris. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2001.
By the 1930s, radio played a major role in uniting Canadians behind their local or regional teams. Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage and the propagation of Canadian folklore, national myths. Outside the sports and music arena, Canadians expressed a national character of being hard working, peaceful, orderly and polite.
French Canada's early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, and this was preserved by the ''Quebec Act'' of 1774, which allowed Roman Catholics to hold offices and practice their faith. In 1867, the ''Constitution Act, 1867, Constitution Act'' was thought to meet the growing calls for Canadian autonomy while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the American Civil War, Civil War in the United States. The compromises reached during this time between the English- and French-speaking Fathers of Confederation set Canada on a path to Multilingualism, bilingualism which in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity. The English and French languages have had limited constitutional protection since 1867 and full official status since 1969. Section 133 of the Constitution Act of 1867 (BNA Act) guarantees that both languages may be used in the Parliament of Canada. Canada adopted its ''Official Languages Act (Canada), first Official Languages Act'' in 1969, giving English and French equal status in the government of Canada. Doing so makes them "official" languages, having preferred status in law over all other Languages of Canada, languages used in Canada.
Prior to the advent of the ''Canadian Bill of Rights'' in 1960 and its successor the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of Human rights in Canada, civil rights and this issue was typically of limited concern to the courts. Canada since the 1960s has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people. Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government and is enshrined in Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1995, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in ''Egan v. Canada'' that sexual orientation should be "read in" to Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a part of the Constitution of Canada guaranteeing Human rights in Canada, equal rights to all Canadians. Following a series of decisions by provincial courts and the Supreme Court of Canada, on July 20, 2005, the ''Civil Marriage Act'' (Bill C-38) received Royal Assent, legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada. Furthermore, sexual orientation was included as a protected status in the human-rights laws of the federal government and of all provinces and territories.
Canadian governments at the federal level have a tradition of liberalism, and govern with a moderate, centrist political ideology. Canada's egalitarian approach to governance emphasizing social justice and multiculturalism, is based on selective economic migrant, immigration, social integration, and Suppression of dissent, suppression of far-right politics that has wide public and political support. Peace, order, and good government are constitutional goals of the Canadian government.
Canada has a multi-party system in which many of its legislative customs derive from the unwritten Convention (norm), conventions of and precedents set by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Westminster parliament of the United Kingdom. The country has been dominated by two parties, the centre-left Liberal Party of Canada and the centre-right Conservative Party of Canada. The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale, with the Conservatives sitting on the right and the New Democratic Party occupying the left-wing, left. Smaller parties like the Quebec nationalist Bloc Québécois and the Green Party of Canada have also been able to exert their influence over the political process by representation at the federal level.
In general, Canadian nationalists are concerned about the protection of Canadian sovereignty and loyalty to the Monarchy of Canada, Canadian State, placing them in the Liberal nationalism, civic nationalist category. It has likewise often been suggested that anti-Americanism plays a prominent role in Canadian nationalist ideologies. A unified, bi-cultural, tolerant and sovereign Canada remains an ideological inspiration to many Canadian nationalists. Alternatively Quebecois nationalism and support for maintaining French Canadian culture many of whom were supporters of the Quebec sovereignty movement during the late-20th century.
Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production. Sharing a Canada–United States border, large border, a common language (for the majority), and being exposed to massive diffusions of American Media (communication), media makes it difficult for Canada to preserve its own culture versus being assimilated to American culture. While Canada tries to maintain its cultural differences, it also must balance this with responsibility in trade arrangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA).
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, was intended to be a source for Canadian values and national unity. The 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau wrote in his ''Memoirs'' that:
Numerous scholars, beginning in the 1940s with American sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset; have tried to identify, measure and compare them with other countries, especially the United States. However, there are critics who say that such a task is practically impossible.
Denis Stairs (political scientist), Denis Stairs a professor of political Science at Dalhousie University; links the concept of Canadian values with #Nationalism and protectionism, nationalism. [Canadians typically]...believe, in particular, that they subscribe to a distinctive set of values - ''Canadian'' values - and that those values are special in the sense of being unusually virtuous.
Canada's large geographic size, the presence of a significant number of indigenous peoples, the conquest of one European linguistic population by another and relatively open immigration policy have led to an extremely ethnic groups in Canada, diverse society. As a result, the issue of Canadian identity remains under scrutiny.
Canada has constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation or a single national myth. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many commentators speak of a Culture of Quebec, French Canadian culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture. However, as a whole, Canada is in theory, a cultural mosaic—a collection of several regional, and ethnic subcultures. Political philosopher Charles Blattberg suggests that Canada is a "Multinational state, multinational country"; as all Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of the other kinds.
Journalist and author Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer), Richard Gwyn has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity. Journalist and professor Andrew Cohen (journalist), Andrew Cohen wrote in 2007:
Canada's 15th prime minister Pierre Trudeau in regards to uniformity stated:
The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire, resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power; and finally, the close proximity of English-speaking Canadians to the United States. Much of the debate over contemporary Canadian identity is argued in political terms, and defines Canada as a country defined by its government policies, which are thought to reflect deeper cultural values.
In 2013, more than 90% of Canadians believed that the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' and the national flag were the top symbols of Canadian identity. Next highest were the national anthem, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and hockey.
"Humorous Writing in English"
''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved on: April 23, 2010.Lacombe, Michell
"Humorous Writing in French"
''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved on: April 23, 2010. While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to Canadians' shared history and geopolitics, geopolitical situation in the Western Hemisphere and the world. Various trends can be noted in Canadian comedy. One trend is the portrayal of a "typical" Canadian family in an ongoing radio or television series. Other trends include outright absurdity, and political and cultural satire. Irony, parody, satire, and self-deprecation are arguably the primary characteristics of Canadian humour.
The beginnings of Canadian national radio comedy date to the late 1930s with the debut of ''The Happy Gang'', a long-running weekly variety show that was regularly sprinkled with corny jokes in between tunes. Canadian television comedy begins with Wayne and Shuster, a sketch comedy duo who performed as a comedy team during the Second World War, and moved their act to radio in 1946 before moving on to television. ''Second City Television'', otherwise known as ''Second City Television, SCTV'', ''Royal Canadian Air Farce'', ''This Hour Has 22 Minutes'', ''The Kids in the Hall (TV series), The Kids in the Hall'', ''Trailer Park Boys'', ''Corner gas'' and more recently ''Schitt's Creek'' are regarded as television shows which were very influential on the development of Canadian humour. List of Canadian comedians, Canadian comedians have had great success in the film industry and are amongst the most recognized in the world.
Humber College in Toronto and the École nationale de l'humour in Montreal offer post-secondary programmes in comedy writing and performance. Montreal is also home to the bilingual (English and French) Just for Laughs festival and to the Just for Laughs Museum, a bilingual, international museum of comedy. Canada has a national television channel, The Comedy Network, devoted to comedy. Many Canadian cities feature comedy clubs and showcases, most notable, The Second City branch in Toronto (originally housed at The Old Fire Hall) and the Yuk Yuk's national chain. The Canadian Comedy Awards were founded in 1999 by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence, a not-for-profit organization.
Predominant symbols of Canada include the maple leaf, beaver, and the Canadian horse. Many official symbols of the country such as the Flag of Canada have been changed or modified over the past few decades to Canadianize them and de-emphasise or remove references to the United Kingdom. Other prominent symbols include the sports of ice hockey, hockey and lacrosse, the Canada Goose, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Rockies, and more recently the totem pole and Inuksuk; material items such as Canadian beer, maple syrup, tuques, canoes, nanaimo bars, butter tarts and the Quebec dish of poutine have also been defined as uniquely Canadian. Symbols of the Monarchy of Canada, Canadian monarchy continue to be featured in, for example, the Arms of Canada, the armed forces, and the prefix Her Majesty's Canadian Ship. The designation ''Royal'' remains for institutions as varied as the Royal Canadian Armed Forces, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet.
Indigenous artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. Like the peoples that produced them, Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous art traditions spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States. The majority of indigenous artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads. Canadian sculpture has been enriched by the walrus ivory, muskox horn and caribou antler and soapstone carvings by the Inuit artists. These carvings show objects and activities from the daily life, myths and legends of the Inuit. Inuit art since the 1950s has been the traditional gift given to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.
The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends. During the mid-19th century, Cornelius Krieghoff, a Dutch-born artist in Quebec, painted scenes of the life of the ''habitants'' (French-Canadian farmers). At about the same time, the Canadian artist Paul Kane painted pictures of indigenous life in western Canada. A group of landscape painters called the Group of Seven (artists), Group of Seven developed the first distinctly Canadian style of painting. All these artists painted large, brilliantly coloured scenes of the Canadian wilderness.
Since the 1930s, Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles. Emily Carr became famous for her paintings of totem poles in British Columbia. Other noted painters have included the landscape artist David Milne (artist), David Milne, the painters Jean-Paul Riopelle, Harold Town and Charles Carson (painter), Charles Carson and multi-media artist Michael Snow. The abstract art group Painters Eleven, particularly the artists William Ronald and Jack Bush, also had an important impact on modern art in Canada. Government support has played a vital role in their development enabling visual exposure through publications and periodicals featuring Canadian art, as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across the country.
Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. Canada's early literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature, frontier life, and Canada's position in the world, for example the poetry of Bliss Carman or the memoirs of Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill. These themes, and Canada's literary history, inform the writing of successive generations of Canadian authors, from Leonard Cohen to Margaret Atwood.
By the mid-20th century, Canadian writers were exploring national themes for Canadian readers. Authors were trying to find a distinctly Canadian voice, rather than merely emulating British or American writers. Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. The question of national identity recurs as a theme in much of Canada's literature, from Hugh MacLennan's ''Two Solitudes (novel), Two Solitudes'' (1945) to Alistair MacLeod's ''No Great Mischief'' (1999). Canadian literature is often categorized by List of regions of Canada, region or province; by the socio-cultural origins of the author (for example, Acadians, indigenous peoples, LGBT, and Irish Canadians); and by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars".
Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards. In 1992, Michael Ondaatje became the first Canadian to win the Booker Prize for ''The English Patient''. Margaret Atwood won the Booker in 2000 for ''The Blind Assassin'' and Yann Martel won it in 2002 for the ''Life of Pi''. Carol Shields's ''The Stone Diaries'' won the Governor General's Awards in Canada in 1993, the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and the 1994 National Book Critics Circle Award. In 2013, Alice Munro was the first Canadian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for List of short stories by Alice Munro, her work as "master of the modern short story". Munro is also a recipient of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, and three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for fiction.
List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada, Canada's largest cities host a variety of modern and historical venues. The Toronto Theatre District is Canada's largest, as well as being the third largest English-speaking theatre district in the world. In addition to original Canadian works, shows from the West End and Broadway frequently tour in Toronto. Toronto's Theatre District includes the venerable Roy Thomson Hall; the Princess of Wales Theatre; the Tim Sims Playhouse; The Second City; the Canon Theatre; the Panasonic Theatre; the Royal Alexandra Theatre; historic Massey Hall; and the city's new opera house, the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts. Toronto's Theatre District also includes the Theatre Museum Canada.
Montreal's theatre district ("Quartier des Spectacles") is the scene of performances that are mainly French-language, although the city also boasts a lively anglophone theatre scene, such as the Centaur Theatre. Large French theatres in the city include Théâtre Saint-Denis and Théâtre du Nouveau Monde.
Vancouver is host to, among others, the Vancouver Fringe Festival, the Arts Club Theatre Company, Carousel Theatre, Bard on the Beach, Theatre Under the Stars (Vancouver), Theatre Under the Stars and Studio 58.
Calgary is home to Theatre Calgary, a mainstream regional theatre; Alberta Theatre Projects, a major centre for new play development in Canada; the Calgary Animated Objects Society; and One Yellow Rabbit, a touring company.
There are three major theatre venues in Ottawa; the Ottawa Little Theatre, originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913, is the longest-running community theatre company in Ottawa. Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing-arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and Opera Lyra Ottawa. Established in 1975, the Great Canadian Theatre Company specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.
Canadian television, especially supported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, is the home of a variety of locally produced shows. French-language television, like French Canadian film, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions. The success of French-language domestic television in Canada often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. In recent years nationalism has been used to prompt products on television. The ''I Am Canadian'' campaign by Molson beer, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infused Beer in Canada, domestically brewed beer and nationalism.
Canada's television industry is in full expansion as a site for Hollywood productions. Since the 1980s, Canada, and Vancouver in particular, has become known as Hollywood North. The American TV series ''Queer as Folk (North American TV series), Queer as Folk'' was filmed in Toronto. Canadian producers have been very successful in the field of Canadian science fiction television, science fiction since the mid-1990s, with such shows as ''The X-Files'', ''Stargate SG-1'', ''Highlander: The Series'', the Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series), new ''Battlestar Galactica'', ''My Babysitter's a Vampire (TV series), My Babysitter's A Vampire'', ''Smallville'', and ''The Outer Limits (1995 TV series), The Outer Limits'' all filmed in Vancouver.
The CRTC's Canadian content regulations dictate that a certain percentage of a domestic broadcaster's transmission time must include content that is produced by Canadians, or covers Canadian subjects. These regulations also apply to Cable television in the United States, US cable television channels such as MTV Canada, MTV and the Discovery Channel (Canada), Discovery Channel, which have local versions of their channels available on Multichannel television in Canada, Canadian cable networks. Similarly, BBC Canada, while showing primarily BBC shows from the United Kingdom, also carries Canadian output.
Canada has developed a vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well-known films and List of Canadian actors, actors. In fact, this eclipsing may sometimes be creditable for the bizarre and innovative directions of some works, such as auteurs Atom Egoyan (''The Sweet Hereafter (film), The Sweet Hereafter'', 1997) and David Cronenberg (''The Fly (1986 film), The Fly'', ''Naked Lunch (film), Naked Lunch'', ''A History of Violence (film), A History of Violence'') and the ''avant-garde'' work of Michael Snow and Jack Chambers (artist), Jack Chambers. Also, the distinct French-Canadian society permits the work of directors such as Denys Arcand and Denis Villeneuve, while First Nations cinema includes the likes of ''Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner''. At the 76th Academy Awards, Arcand's ''The Barbarian Invasions'' became Canada's first film to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
The National Film Board of Canada is a public agency that produces and distributes films and other audiovisual works which reflect Canada to Canadians and the rest of the world'. Canada has produced many popular documentaries such as ''The Corporation (2003 film), The Corporation'', ''Nanook of the North'', ''Final Offer'', and ''Canada: A People's History''. The Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) is considered by many to be one of the most prevalent film festivals for Western cinema. It is the première film festival in North America from which the Oscars race begins.
The music of Canada has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country. Indigenous, the French, and the British have all made historical contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The country has produced its own List of Canadian composers, composers, List of Canadian musicians, musicians and Musical ensemble, ensembles since the mid-1600s.Music in Canada 1600–1800. by Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont. : Habitex Books, 1975. 320 p.()La Musique au Québec 1600–1875. by Michelle Pharand. Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homme (1976) () From the 17th century onward, Canada has developed a music infrastructure that includes church halls; Chamber music, chamber halls; College or university school of music, conservatories; Academy, academies; performing arts centres; Record label, record companys; Radio broadcasting, radio stations, and television music-video channels. The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries.Canadian Music: Issues of Hegemony & Identity, eds Beveley Diamond & Robert Witmer. Canadian Scholars Press, 1994. Canadian rock has had a considerable impact on the development of modern popular music and the development of the most popular Canadian music genres, subgenres.
Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada, Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the Constitution Act, 1867, first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest known song, "The Bold Canadian", was written in 1812. The national anthem of Canada, "O Canada" adopted in 1980,
was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before English lyrics were written in 1906.
Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in a ceremony during the summer of 1970.
Canada has a well-developed Mass media, media sector, but its cultural output—particularly in English films, television shows, and magazines—is often overshadowed by Media of the United States, imports from the United States. Television, magazines, and newspapers are primarily for-profit corporations based on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. Nevertheless, both the television broadcasting and publications sectors require a number of government interventions to remain profitable, ranging from regulation that bars foreign companies in the broadcasting industry to tax laws that limit foreign competition in magazine advertising.
The promotion of multicultural media in Canada began in the late 1980s as the multicultural policy was legislated in 1988. In the ''Canadian Multiculturalism Act, Multiculturalism Act'', the Government of Canada, federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture. Thus, multicultural media became an integral part of Canadian media overall. Upon numerous government reports showing lack of minority representation or minority misrepresentation, the Canadian government stressed separate provision be made to allow minorities and ethnicities of Canada to have their own voice in the media.
Ice hockey, referred to as simply "hockey", is Canada's most prevalent National sport, winter sport, its most popular spectator sport, and its most successful sport in international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport. Lacrosse, a sport with Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous origins, is Canada's oldest and National sport, official summer sport. Canadian football is Canada's second most popular spectator sport, and the Canadian Football League's annual championship, the Grey Cup, is the country's largest annual sports event.
While other sports have a larger spectator base, association football, known in Canada as ''soccer'' in both English and French, has the most registered players of any team sport in Canada, and is the most played sport with all demographics, including ethnic origin, ages and genders. Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada – with a MLS teams, trio of teams in North America's top pro league, Major League Soccer – and international soccer competitions such as the FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship, UEFA Euro and the UEFA Champions League attract some of the biggest audiences in Canada. Other popular team sports include curling, street hockey, cricket, rugby league in Canada, rugby league, Rugby union in Canada, rugby union, softball and Ultimate (sport), Ultimate frisbee. Popular individual sports include auto racing, boxing, karate, kickboxing, hunting, Shooting sport, sport shooting, fishing, cycling, golf, hiking, horse racing, ice skating, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, triathlon, disc golf, water sport (recreation), water sports, and several forms of wrestling.
As a country with a generally cool climate, Canada has enjoyed greater success at the Canada at the Winter Olympics, Winter Olympics than at the Canada at the Summer Olympics, Summer Olympics, although significant regional variations in climate allow for a wide variety of both team and individual sports. Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, while the Lou Marsh Trophy is awarded annually to Canada's top athlete by a panel of journalists. There are numerous other Sports Halls of Fame in Canada.
Canadian cuisine varies widely depending on the List of regions of Canada, region. The former Canadian prime minister Joe Clark has been paraphrased to have noted: "Canada has a cuisine of cuisines. Not a stew pot, but a smorgasbord." Also published as
Canadian cuisine a smorgasbord of regional flavours
There are considerable overlaps between Canadian food and the rest of the cuisine in North America, many unique dishes (or versions of certain dishes) are found and available only in the country. Common contenders for the Canadian National dish, national food include the Quebec-made poutine and the French-Canadian butter tarts. Other popular Canadian made foods include indigenous fried bread bannock (food), bannock, French tourtière, Kraft Dinner, ketchup chips, date squares, nanaimo bars, back bacon, the Caesar (cocktail), caesar cocktail and many many more. The Canadian province of Quebec is the birthplace and world's largest producer of maple syrup, The Montreal-style bagel and Montreal-style smoked meat are both food items originally developed by Jewish communities living in Quebec The three earliest cuisines of Canada have First Nations, English, and French roots. The indigenous population of Canada often have their own traditional cuisine. The cuisines of English Canada are closely related to British cuisine, British and Cuisine of the United States, American cuisine. Finally, the traditional cuisines of French Canada have evolved from 16th-century French cuisine because of the tough conditions of colonial life and the winter provisions of Coureur des bois. With subsequent waves of immigration in the 18th and 19th century from Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe, and then from Asia, Africa and Caribbean, the regional cuisines were subsequently affected.
Canadian Heritage
Culture.CA
- Canadian cultural portal online
Cultural Information - Canada
- Global Affairs Canada {{Navboxes , title =
Links related to Culture of Canada
, titlestyle = colour:black; background-color:white;
, list1 =
{{Canada topics
{{People of Canada
{{Multiculturalism in Canada navbox
{{North America in topic, Culture of
Canadian culture,
Cultural components
History
Influences
For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by Aboriginal peoples in Canada, indigenous peoples from a variety of Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas, different cultures and of Indigenous languages of the Americas, several major linguistic groupings. Although not without conflict and bloodshed, early European interactions with First Nations in Canada, First Nations and Inuit populations in what is now Canada were arguably peaceful. First Nations and Métis people (Canada), Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of Former colonies and territories in Canada, European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in the exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade. Combined with late Economic history of Canada, economic development in many regions, this comparably nonbelligerent early history allowed indigenous Canadians to have a lasting influence on the national culture (see: The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples). Over the course of three centuries, countless North American Indigenous words, inventions, concepts, and games have become an everyday part of Languages of Canada, Canadian language and use. List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin, Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The Name of Canada, name "Canada" itself derives from the Laurentian language, St. Lawrence Huron-Iroquoian word "Kanata" meaning "village" or "settlement".The name of Canada's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term "adawe" meaning "to trade".
In the 17th-century, French colonials settled New France in Acadia, in the present-day The Maritimes, Maritimes, and in ''Canada (New France), Canada'', along the Saint Lawrence River in present-day Quebec and Ontario. These regions were under French colonial empire, French control from 1534 to 1763. However, the Kingdom of Great Britain, British Siege of Port Royal (1710), conquered Acadia in 1710 and Conquest of New France (1758–1760), conquered ''Canada'' in 1760. The British were able to Deportation of the Acadians, deport most of the Acadians, but they were unable to deport the Canadiens of ''Canada (New France), Canada'' because they severely outnumbered the British forces. The British therefore had to Conquest of New France (1758–1760)#Consequences, make deals with Canadiens and Quebec nationalism, hope they would one day become assimilated. The American Revolution, from 1775 to 1783, provoked the migration of 40,000 to 50,000 United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies to the newly conquered British lands, which brought American influences to Canada for the first time. Following the War of 1812, many Scottish Canadian, Scottish and English Canadian, English people settled in Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Many Irish people fleeing the Great Famine (Ireland), Great Famine also arrived between 1845 and 1852.
The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the Military history of Canada during World War I, First World War and Military history of Canada during World War II, Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism; however, in 1917 and 1944, Conscription Crisis of 1917, conscription crises highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones. As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority. Canada, until the 1940s, was often described as "Multinational state, binational", with the 2 components being the cultural, linguistic and political identities of English Canadians and of French Canadians.
Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation and ''Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, Chinese Immigration Act'') that had favoured British, American and other European immigrants (such as Canadians of Dutch descent, Dutch, German Canadian, German, Italian Canadians, Italian, Polish Canadians, Polish, Swedish Canadian, Swedish and Ukrainian Canadian, Ukrainian) were amended during the 1960s, resulting in an influx of people of many different ethnicities. By the end of the 20th century, immigrants were increasingly Chinese Canadian, Chinese, Indian Canadian, Indian, Vietnamese Canadian, Vietnamese, Jamaican Canadian, Jamaican, Filipino Canadian, Filipino, Lebanese Canadians, Lebanese, Pakistani Canadians, Pakistani and Haitian Canadian, Haitian. By the 21st century Canada had Ethnic origins of people in Canada, thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller numbers. , 16.2% of the population self-identify as a visible minority.
Development of popular culture
Themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian culture. Modern Canadian culture as it is understood today can be traced to its time Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Expansion, period of westward expansion and nation building. Contributing factors include Canada's unique geography, climate, and cultural makeup. Being a cold country with long winter nights for most of the year, certain unique leisure activities developed in Canada during this period including ice hockey and embracement of the summer indigenous game of lacrosse.
By the 19th century, Canadians came to believe themselves possessed of a unique "northern character," due to the long, harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive. This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and sports that reflected this, such as snowshoeing and cross-country skiing, were asserted as characteristically Canadian. During this period, the churches tried to influence leisure activities by preaching against drinking, and scheduling annual revivals and weekly club activities. In a society in which most middle-class families now owned a harmonium or piano, and standard education included at least the rudiments of music, the result was often an original song. Such stirrings frequently occurred in response to noteworthy events, and few local or national excitements were allowed to pass without some musical comment.Making Music: Profiles from a Century of Canadian Music, Alex Barris and Ted Barris. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2001.
By the 1930s, radio played a major role in uniting Canadians behind their local or regional teams. Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage and the propagation of Canadian folklore, national myths. Outside the sports and music arena, Canadians expressed a national character of being hard working, peaceful, orderly and polite.
Political culture
Historical cultural legislation
French Canada's early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, and this was preserved by the ''Quebec Act'' of 1774, which allowed Roman Catholics to hold offices and practice their faith. In 1867, the ''Constitution Act, 1867, Constitution Act'' was thought to meet the growing calls for Canadian autonomy while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the American Civil War, Civil War in the United States. The compromises reached during this time between the English- and French-speaking Fathers of Confederation set Canada on a path to Multilingualism, bilingualism which in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity. The English and French languages have had limited constitutional protection since 1867 and full official status since 1969. Section 133 of the Constitution Act of 1867 (BNA Act) guarantees that both languages may be used in the Parliament of Canada. Canada adopted its ''Official Languages Act (Canada), first Official Languages Act'' in 1969, giving English and French equal status in the government of Canada. Doing so makes them "official" languages, having preferred status in law over all other Languages of Canada, languages used in Canada.
Prior to the advent of the ''Canadian Bill of Rights'' in 1960 and its successor the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of Human rights in Canada, civil rights and this issue was typically of limited concern to the courts. Canada since the 1960s has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people. Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government and is enshrined in Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1995, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in ''Egan v. Canada'' that sexual orientation should be "read in" to Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a part of the Constitution of Canada guaranteeing Human rights in Canada, equal rights to all Canadians. Following a series of decisions by provincial courts and the Supreme Court of Canada, on July 20, 2005, the ''Civil Marriage Act'' (Bill C-38) received Royal Assent, legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada. Furthermore, sexual orientation was included as a protected status in the human-rights laws of the federal government and of all provinces and territories.
Contemporary politics
Canadian governments at the federal level have a tradition of liberalism, and govern with a moderate, centrist political ideology. Canada's egalitarian approach to governance emphasizing social justice and multiculturalism, is based on selective economic migrant, immigration, social integration, and Suppression of dissent, suppression of far-right politics that has wide public and political support. Peace, order, and good government are constitutional goals of the Canadian government.
Canada has a multi-party system in which many of its legislative customs derive from the unwritten Convention (norm), conventions of and precedents set by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Westminster parliament of the United Kingdom. The country has been dominated by two parties, the centre-left Liberal Party of Canada and the centre-right Conservative Party of Canada. The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale, with the Conservatives sitting on the right and the New Democratic Party occupying the left-wing, left. Smaller parties like the Quebec nationalist Bloc Québécois and the Green Party of Canada have also been able to exert their influence over the political process by representation at the federal level.
Nationalism and protectionism
In general, Canadian nationalists are concerned about the protection of Canadian sovereignty and loyalty to the Monarchy of Canada, Canadian State, placing them in the Liberal nationalism, civic nationalist category. It has likewise often been suggested that anti-Americanism plays a prominent role in Canadian nationalist ideologies. A unified, bi-cultural, tolerant and sovereign Canada remains an ideological inspiration to many Canadian nationalists. Alternatively Quebecois nationalism and support for maintaining French Canadian culture many of whom were supporters of the Quebec sovereignty movement during the late-20th century.
Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production. Sharing a Canada–United States border, large border, a common language (for the majority), and being exposed to massive diffusions of American Media (communication), media makes it difficult for Canada to preserve its own culture versus being assimilated to American culture. While Canada tries to maintain its cultural differences, it also must balance this with responsibility in trade arrangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA).
Values
Canadian values are the perceived commonly shared ethical and human values of Canadians. The List of federal political parties in Canada, major political parties have claimed explicitly that they uphold Canadian values, but use generalities to specify them. Historian Ian McKay (historian), Ian MacKay argues that, thanks to the long-term political impact of "Upper Canada Rebellion, Rebels, Socialism in Canada, Reds, and The Reform Movement (Upper Canada), Radicals", and allied leftist political elements, "egalitarianism, social equality, and peace... are now often simply referred to...as 'Canadian values.'" International rankings of Canada, Canada ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, education, and gender equality. A 2013 Statistics Canada survey found that an "overwhelming majority" of Canadians shared the values of human rights (with 92% of respondents agreeing that they are a shared Canadian value), respect for the law (92%) and gender equality (91%). Universal access to publicly funded health services "is often considered by Canadians as a fundamental value that ensures national health care insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country."
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, was intended to be a source for Canadian values and national unity. The 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau wrote in his ''Memoirs'' that:
Numerous scholars, beginning in the 1940s with American sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset; have tried to identify, measure and compare them with other countries, especially the United States. However, there are critics who say that such a task is practically impossible.
Denis Stairs (political scientist), Denis Stairs a professor of political Science at Dalhousie University; links the concept of Canadian values with #Nationalism and protectionism, nationalism. [Canadians typically]...believe, in particular, that they subscribe to a distinctive set of values - ''Canadian'' values - and that those values are special in the sense of being unusually virtuous.
Identity
Canada's large geographic size, the presence of a significant number of indigenous peoples, the conquest of one European linguistic population by another and relatively open immigration policy have led to an extremely ethnic groups in Canada, diverse society. As a result, the issue of Canadian identity remains under scrutiny.
Canada has constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation or a single national myth. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many commentators speak of a Culture of Quebec, French Canadian culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture. However, as a whole, Canada is in theory, a cultural mosaic—a collection of several regional, and ethnic subcultures. Political philosopher Charles Blattberg suggests that Canada is a "Multinational state, multinational country"; as all Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of the other kinds.
Journalist and author Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer), Richard Gwyn has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity. Journalist and professor Andrew Cohen (journalist), Andrew Cohen wrote in 2007:
Canada's 15th prime minister Pierre Trudeau in regards to uniformity stated:
The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire, resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power; and finally, the close proximity of English-speaking Canadians to the United States. Much of the debate over contemporary Canadian identity is argued in political terms, and defines Canada as a country defined by its government policies, which are thought to reflect deeper cultural values.
In 2013, more than 90% of Canadians believed that the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' and the national flag were the top symbols of Canadian identity. Next highest were the national anthem, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and hockey.
Inter-provincial interactions
Western alienation is the notion that the Western Canada, western provinces have historically been alienated, and in extreme cases excluded, from mainstream Canadian political affairs in favour of Eastern Canada or more specifically the central Canada, central provinces. Western alienation claims that these latter two are politically represented, and economically favoured, more significantly than the former, which has given rise to the sentiment of alienation among many western Canadians. Likewise; the Quebec sovereignty movement that lead to the Québécois nation motion, Québécois nation and the province of Quebec being recognized as a "distinct society" within Canada, highlights the sharp divisions between the Anglo and Francophone population. Though more than half of Canadians live in just two provinces (Ontario and Quebec), each province is largely self-contained due to provincial economic self-sufficiency. Only 15 percent of Canadians live in a different province from where they were born, and only 10 percent go to another province for university. Canada has always been like this, and stands in sharp contrast to the United States' internal mobility which is much higher. For example 30 percent live in a different state from where they were born, and 30 percent go away for university. Scott Gilmore in ''Maclean's'' argues that "Canada is a nation of strangers", in the sense that for most individuals, the rest of Canada outside their province is little-known. Another factor is the cost of internal travel. Intra-Canadian airfares are high—it is cheaper and more common to visit the United States than to visit another province. Gilmore argues that the mutual isolation makes it difficult to muster national responses to major national issues.Humour
Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian Identity. There are several traditions in Canadian humour in both Canadian English, English and Quebec French, French.Scobie, Stephe"Humorous Writing in English"
''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved on: April 23, 2010.Lacombe, Michell
"Humorous Writing in French"
''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved on: April 23, 2010. While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to Canadians' shared history and geopolitics, geopolitical situation in the Western Hemisphere and the world. Various trends can be noted in Canadian comedy. One trend is the portrayal of a "typical" Canadian family in an ongoing radio or television series. Other trends include outright absurdity, and political and cultural satire. Irony, parody, satire, and self-deprecation are arguably the primary characteristics of Canadian humour.
The beginnings of Canadian national radio comedy date to the late 1930s with the debut of ''The Happy Gang'', a long-running weekly variety show that was regularly sprinkled with corny jokes in between tunes. Canadian television comedy begins with Wayne and Shuster, a sketch comedy duo who performed as a comedy team during the Second World War, and moved their act to radio in 1946 before moving on to television. ''Second City Television'', otherwise known as ''Second City Television, SCTV'', ''Royal Canadian Air Farce'', ''This Hour Has 22 Minutes'', ''The Kids in the Hall (TV series), The Kids in the Hall'', ''Trailer Park Boys'', ''Corner gas'' and more recently ''Schitt's Creek'' are regarded as television shows which were very influential on the development of Canadian humour. List of Canadian comedians, Canadian comedians have had great success in the film industry and are amongst the most recognized in the world.
Humber College in Toronto and the École nationale de l'humour in Montreal offer post-secondary programmes in comedy writing and performance. Montreal is also home to the bilingual (English and French) Just for Laughs festival and to the Just for Laughs Museum, a bilingual, international museum of comedy. Canada has a national television channel, The Comedy Network, devoted to comedy. Many Canadian cities feature comedy clubs and showcases, most notable, The Second City branch in Toronto (originally housed at The Old Fire Hall) and the Yuk Yuk's national chain. The Canadian Comedy Awards were founded in 1999 by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence, a not-for-profit organization.
Symbols
Predominant symbols of Canada include the maple leaf, beaver, and the Canadian horse. Many official symbols of the country such as the Flag of Canada have been changed or modified over the past few decades to Canadianize them and de-emphasise or remove references to the United Kingdom. Other prominent symbols include the sports of ice hockey, hockey and lacrosse, the Canada Goose, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Rockies, and more recently the totem pole and Inuksuk; material items such as Canadian beer, maple syrup, tuques, canoes, nanaimo bars, butter tarts and the Quebec dish of poutine have also been defined as uniquely Canadian. Symbols of the Monarchy of Canada, Canadian monarchy continue to be featured in, for example, the Arms of Canada, the armed forces, and the prefix Her Majesty's Canadian Ship. The designation ''Royal'' remains for institutions as varied as the Royal Canadian Armed Forces, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet.
Arts
Visual arts
Indigenous artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. Like the peoples that produced them, Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous art traditions spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States. The majority of indigenous artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads. Canadian sculpture has been enriched by the walrus ivory, muskox horn and caribou antler and soapstone carvings by the Inuit artists. These carvings show objects and activities from the daily life, myths and legends of the Inuit. Inuit art since the 1950s has been the traditional gift given to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.
The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends. During the mid-19th century, Cornelius Krieghoff, a Dutch-born artist in Quebec, painted scenes of the life of the ''habitants'' (French-Canadian farmers). At about the same time, the Canadian artist Paul Kane painted pictures of indigenous life in western Canada. A group of landscape painters called the Group of Seven (artists), Group of Seven developed the first distinctly Canadian style of painting. All these artists painted large, brilliantly coloured scenes of the Canadian wilderness.
Since the 1930s, Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles. Emily Carr became famous for her paintings of totem poles in British Columbia. Other noted painters have included the landscape artist David Milne (artist), David Milne, the painters Jean-Paul Riopelle, Harold Town and Charles Carson (painter), Charles Carson and multi-media artist Michael Snow. The abstract art group Painters Eleven, particularly the artists William Ronald and Jack Bush, also had an important impact on modern art in Canada. Government support has played a vital role in their development enabling visual exposure through publications and periodicals featuring Canadian art, as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across the country.
Literature
Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. Canada's early literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature, frontier life, and Canada's position in the world, for example the poetry of Bliss Carman or the memoirs of Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill. These themes, and Canada's literary history, inform the writing of successive generations of Canadian authors, from Leonard Cohen to Margaret Atwood.
By the mid-20th century, Canadian writers were exploring national themes for Canadian readers. Authors were trying to find a distinctly Canadian voice, rather than merely emulating British or American writers. Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. The question of national identity recurs as a theme in much of Canada's literature, from Hugh MacLennan's ''Two Solitudes (novel), Two Solitudes'' (1945) to Alistair MacLeod's ''No Great Mischief'' (1999). Canadian literature is often categorized by List of regions of Canada, region or province; by the socio-cultural origins of the author (for example, Acadians, indigenous peoples, LGBT, and Irish Canadians); and by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars".
Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards. In 1992, Michael Ondaatje became the first Canadian to win the Booker Prize for ''The English Patient''. Margaret Atwood won the Booker in 2000 for ''The Blind Assassin'' and Yann Martel won it in 2002 for the ''Life of Pi''. Carol Shields's ''The Stone Diaries'' won the Governor General's Awards in Canada in 1993, the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and the 1994 National Book Critics Circle Award. In 2013, Alice Munro was the first Canadian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for List of short stories by Alice Munro, her work as "master of the modern short story". Munro is also a recipient of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, and three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for fiction.
Theatre
Canada has had a thriving stage theatre scene since the late 1800s. Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the summer months, especially the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Stratford, Ontario, and the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. The Famous People Players are only one of many touring companies that have also developed an international reputation. Canada also hosts one of the largest Fringe theatre, fringe festivals, the Edmonton International Fringe Festival.
List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada, Canada's largest cities host a variety of modern and historical venues. The Toronto Theatre District is Canada's largest, as well as being the third largest English-speaking theatre district in the world. In addition to original Canadian works, shows from the West End and Broadway frequently tour in Toronto. Toronto's Theatre District includes the venerable Roy Thomson Hall; the Princess of Wales Theatre; the Tim Sims Playhouse; The Second City; the Canon Theatre; the Panasonic Theatre; the Royal Alexandra Theatre; historic Massey Hall; and the city's new opera house, the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts. Toronto's Theatre District also includes the Theatre Museum Canada.
Montreal's theatre district ("Quartier des Spectacles") is the scene of performances that are mainly French-language, although the city also boasts a lively anglophone theatre scene, such as the Centaur Theatre. Large French theatres in the city include Théâtre Saint-Denis and Théâtre du Nouveau Monde.
Vancouver is host to, among others, the Vancouver Fringe Festival, the Arts Club Theatre Company, Carousel Theatre, Bard on the Beach, Theatre Under the Stars (Vancouver), Theatre Under the Stars and Studio 58.
Calgary is home to Theatre Calgary, a mainstream regional theatre; Alberta Theatre Projects, a major centre for new play development in Canada; the Calgary Animated Objects Society; and One Yellow Rabbit, a touring company.
There are three major theatre venues in Ottawa; the Ottawa Little Theatre, originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913, is the longest-running community theatre company in Ottawa. Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing-arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and Opera Lyra Ottawa. Established in 1975, the Great Canadian Theatre Company specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.
Television
Canadian television, especially supported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, is the home of a variety of locally produced shows. French-language television, like French Canadian film, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions. The success of French-language domestic television in Canada often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. In recent years nationalism has been used to prompt products on television. The ''I Am Canadian'' campaign by Molson beer, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infused Beer in Canada, domestically brewed beer and nationalism.
Canada's television industry is in full expansion as a site for Hollywood productions. Since the 1980s, Canada, and Vancouver in particular, has become known as Hollywood North. The American TV series ''Queer as Folk (North American TV series), Queer as Folk'' was filmed in Toronto. Canadian producers have been very successful in the field of Canadian science fiction television, science fiction since the mid-1990s, with such shows as ''The X-Files'', ''Stargate SG-1'', ''Highlander: The Series'', the Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series), new ''Battlestar Galactica'', ''My Babysitter's a Vampire (TV series), My Babysitter's A Vampire'', ''Smallville'', and ''The Outer Limits (1995 TV series), The Outer Limits'' all filmed in Vancouver.
The CRTC's Canadian content regulations dictate that a certain percentage of a domestic broadcaster's transmission time must include content that is produced by Canadians, or covers Canadian subjects. These regulations also apply to Cable television in the United States, US cable television channels such as MTV Canada, MTV and the Discovery Channel (Canada), Discovery Channel, which have local versions of their channels available on Multichannel television in Canada, Canadian cable networks. Similarly, BBC Canada, while showing primarily BBC shows from the United Kingdom, also carries Canadian output.
Film
A number of Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood significantly contributed to the creation of the motion picture industry in the early days of the 20th century. Over the years, many Canadians have made enormous contributions to the American entertainment industry, although they are frequently not recognized as Canadians.
Canada has developed a vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well-known films and List of Canadian actors, actors. In fact, this eclipsing may sometimes be creditable for the bizarre and innovative directions of some works, such as auteurs Atom Egoyan (''The Sweet Hereafter (film), The Sweet Hereafter'', 1997) and David Cronenberg (''The Fly (1986 film), The Fly'', ''Naked Lunch (film), Naked Lunch'', ''A History of Violence (film), A History of Violence'') and the ''avant-garde'' work of Michael Snow and Jack Chambers (artist), Jack Chambers. Also, the distinct French-Canadian society permits the work of directors such as Denys Arcand and Denis Villeneuve, while First Nations cinema includes the likes of ''Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner''. At the 76th Academy Awards, Arcand's ''The Barbarian Invasions'' became Canada's first film to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
The National Film Board of Canada is a public agency that produces and distributes films and other audiovisual works which reflect Canada to Canadians and the rest of the world'. Canada has produced many popular documentaries such as ''The Corporation (2003 film), The Corporation'', ''Nanook of the North'', ''Final Offer'', and ''Canada: A People's History''. The Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) is considered by many to be one of the most prevalent film festivals for Western cinema. It is the première film festival in North America from which the Oscars race begins.
Music
The music of Canada has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country. Indigenous, the French, and the British have all made historical contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The country has produced its own List of Canadian composers, composers, List of Canadian musicians, musicians and Musical ensemble, ensembles since the mid-1600s.Music in Canada 1600–1800. by Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont. : Habitex Books, 1975. 320 p.()La Musique au Québec 1600–1875. by Michelle Pharand. Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homme (1976) () From the 17th century onward, Canada has developed a music infrastructure that includes church halls; Chamber music, chamber halls; College or university school of music, conservatories; Academy, academies; performing arts centres; Record label, record companys; Radio broadcasting, radio stations, and television music-video channels. The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries.Canadian Music: Issues of Hegemony & Identity, eds Beveley Diamond & Robert Witmer. Canadian Scholars Press, 1994. Canadian rock has had a considerable impact on the development of modern popular music and the development of the most popular Canadian music genres, subgenres.
Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada, Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the Constitution Act, 1867, first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest known song, "The Bold Canadian", was written in 1812. The national anthem of Canada, "O Canada" adopted in 1980,
was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before English lyrics were written in 1906.
Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in a ceremony during the summer of 1970.
Media
Canada has a well-developed Mass media, media sector, but its cultural output—particularly in English films, television shows, and magazines—is often overshadowed by Media of the United States, imports from the United States. Television, magazines, and newspapers are primarily for-profit corporations based on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. Nevertheless, both the television broadcasting and publications sectors require a number of government interventions to remain profitable, ranging from regulation that bars foreign companies in the broadcasting industry to tax laws that limit foreign competition in magazine advertising.
The promotion of multicultural media in Canada began in the late 1980s as the multicultural policy was legislated in 1988. In the ''Canadian Multiculturalism Act, Multiculturalism Act'', the Government of Canada, federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture. Thus, multicultural media became an integral part of Canadian media overall. Upon numerous government reports showing lack of minority representation or minority misrepresentation, the Canadian government stressed separate provision be made to allow minorities and ethnicities of Canada to have their own voice in the media.
Sports
Sports in Canada consists of a variety of games. Although there are many contests that Canadians value, the most common are ice hockey, box lacrosse, Canadian football, basketball, soccer, curling, baseball and ringette. All but curling and soccer are considered domestic sports as they were either invented by Canadians or trace their roots to Canada.
Ice hockey, referred to as simply "hockey", is Canada's most prevalent National sport, winter sport, its most popular spectator sport, and its most successful sport in international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport. Lacrosse, a sport with Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous origins, is Canada's oldest and National sport, official summer sport. Canadian football is Canada's second most popular spectator sport, and the Canadian Football League's annual championship, the Grey Cup, is the country's largest annual sports event.
While other sports have a larger spectator base, association football, known in Canada as ''soccer'' in both English and French, has the most registered players of any team sport in Canada, and is the most played sport with all demographics, including ethnic origin, ages and genders. Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada – with a MLS teams, trio of teams in North America's top pro league, Major League Soccer – and international soccer competitions such as the FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship, UEFA Euro and the UEFA Champions League attract some of the biggest audiences in Canada. Other popular team sports include curling, street hockey, cricket, rugby league in Canada, rugby league, Rugby union in Canada, rugby union, softball and Ultimate (sport), Ultimate frisbee. Popular individual sports include auto racing, boxing, karate, kickboxing, hunting, Shooting sport, sport shooting, fishing, cycling, golf, hiking, horse racing, ice skating, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, triathlon, disc golf, water sport (recreation), water sports, and several forms of wrestling.
As a country with a generally cool climate, Canada has enjoyed greater success at the Canada at the Winter Olympics, Winter Olympics than at the Canada at the Summer Olympics, Summer Olympics, although significant regional variations in climate allow for a wide variety of both team and individual sports. Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, while the Lou Marsh Trophy is awarded annually to Canada's top athlete by a panel of journalists. There are numerous other Sports Halls of Fame in Canada.
Cuisine
Canadian cuisine varies widely depending on the List of regions of Canada, region. The former Canadian prime minister Joe Clark has been paraphrased to have noted: "Canada has a cuisine of cuisines. Not a stew pot, but a smorgasbord." Also published asCanadian cuisine a smorgasbord of regional flavours
There are considerable overlaps between Canadian food and the rest of the cuisine in North America, many unique dishes (or versions of certain dishes) are found and available only in the country. Common contenders for the Canadian National dish, national food include the Quebec-made poutine and the French-Canadian butter tarts. Other popular Canadian made foods include indigenous fried bread bannock (food), bannock, French tourtière, Kraft Dinner, ketchup chips, date squares, nanaimo bars, back bacon, the Caesar (cocktail), caesar cocktail and many many more. The Canadian province of Quebec is the birthplace and world's largest producer of maple syrup, The Montreal-style bagel and Montreal-style smoked meat are both food items originally developed by Jewish communities living in Quebec The three earliest cuisines of Canada have First Nations, English, and French roots. The indigenous population of Canada often have their own traditional cuisine. The cuisines of English Canada are closely related to British cuisine, British and Cuisine of the United States, American cuisine. Finally, the traditional cuisines of French Canada have evolved from 16th-century French cuisine because of the tough conditions of colonial life and the winter provisions of Coureur des bois. With subsequent waves of immigration in the 18th and 19th century from Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe, and then from Asia, Africa and Caribbean, the regional cuisines were subsequently affected.
Outside views
In a 2002 interview with the ''Globe and Mail'', Aga Khan IV, Aga Khan, the 49th Imam of the Ismaili, Ismaili Muslims, described Canada as "the most successful Pluralism (political philosophy), pluralist society on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for the world". A 2007 poll ranked Canada as the country with the most positive influence in the world. 28,000 people in 27 countries were asked to rate 12 countries as either having a positive or negative worldwide influence. Canada's overall influence rating topped the list with 54 per cent of respondents rating it mostly positive and only 14 per cent mostly negative. A global opinion poll for the BBC saw Canada ranked the second most positively viewed nation in the world (behind Germany) in 2013 and 2014. The United States is home to a number of perceptions about Canadian culture, due to the countries' partially shared heritage and the relatively large number of cultural features common to both the US and Canada. For example, the average Canadian may be perceived as more reserved than his or her American counterpart. Canada and the United States are often inevitably compared as sibling countries, and the perceptions that arise from this oft-held contrast have gone to shape the advertised worldwide identities of both nations: the United States is seen as the rebellious child of the British Crown, forged in the fires of American Revolutionary War, violent revolution; Canada is the calmer offspring of the United Kingdom, known for a more relaxed national demeanour.See also
* Canadiana * Architecture of Canada * Canadian folklore * Culture of Quebec * History of free speech in Canada * Public holidays in Canada * Canadian French * List of CanadiansReferences
Further reading
* * * * * * * * * *External links
Canadian Heritage
Culture.CA
- Canadian cultural portal online
Cultural Information - Canada
- Global Affairs Canada {{Navboxes , title =
Links related to Culture of Canada
, titlestyle = colour:black; background-color:white;
, list1 =
{{Canada topics
{{People of Canada
{{Multiculturalism in Canada navbox
{{North America in topic, Culture of
Canadian culture,