The Culicinae are the most extensive subfamily of

mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...

es (Culicidae) and have

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

in every continent except Antarctica, but are highly concentrated in tropical areas. Mosquitoes are best known as

parasites Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of lif ...

to many

vertebrate Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () ( chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, ...

animals and vectors for

disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that a ...

. They are

holometabolous Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphosis, is a form of insect development which includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (or adult). Holometabolism is a synapomorphic trait of all insects in the superorder Endopterygot ...

insects Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of j ...

, and most species lay their

eggs Humans and human ancestors have scavenged and eaten animal eggs for millions of years. Humans in Southeast Asia had domesticated chickens and harvested their eggs for food by 1,500 BCE. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especial ...

in stagnant water, to benefit their aquatic larval stage.

Introduction

The

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Culicinae is the largest subfamily of

Culicidae Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning "gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "litt ...

, a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Nematocera The Nematocera (the name means "thread-horns") are a suborder of elongated flies with thin, segmented antennae and mostly aquatic larvae. This group is paraphyletic and contains all flies but species from suborder Brachycera (the name means "sh ...

dipterans Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced m ...

. There are 3,046 species of Culicinae mosquitoes, in 108

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and 11 tribes. Members of the Culicinae subfamily are small flies with fore wings for flight and hind wings reduced to

halteres ''Halteres'' (; singular ''halter'' or ''haltere'') (from grc, ἁλτῆρες, weights held in the hands to give an impetus in leaping) are a pair of small club-shaped organs on the body of two orders of flying insects that provide infor ...

for balance. The mosquitoes also have long, slender, legs and

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

-style mouth parts for feeding on vertebrate blood or plant fluids. Only the females are blood feeders, requiring a high quality protein meal before they can

oviposit The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...

. Because the mosquitoes are well adapted for finding hosts, the females can move quickly from one blood meal to another, and when injecting their saliva, can inject pathogens picked up from other hosts and thus efficiently spread disease.

Lifecycle

Culicinae mosquitoes are holometabolous, going through four distinct life stages: egg,

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...

, and

adult An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...

. The duration of each stage is species-specific, but all Culicinae mosquitoes are

multivoltine Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. The term is most often applied to insects, and is particularly in use in sericulture, where silkworm varieties vary in their voltinism. ...

. The egg, larval, and pupal stages are aquatic. Adults leave the water by flight to find plants or vertebrates on which to feed. Oviposition can occur in natural reservoirs of

salt water Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride). On the United States Geological Survey (USGS) salinity scale, saline water is saltier than brackish water, ...

fresh water Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...

, or temporary pools, but oviposition sites are generally stagnant. All ''

Psorophora ''Psorophora'' is a genus of mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' an ...

'' and some ''

Aedes ''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: ''Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive spe ...

'' species oviposit on soil where the eggs remain, unhatched, till flooded. Many species associate closely with humans, using accumulated ground water in developed areas for oviposition. Some species use plant cavities for oviposition. These species can, as larvae, drill into the plant for air.

Eggs

Culicinae eggs are laid in groups by adult females, often numbering over a hundred. Most species lay the eggs on the surface of stagnant water. The female lays the eggs vertically and side by side, held together by a sticky substance excreted to coat the eggs, head end down, creating an egg raft that is convex below and concave above with ends that are typically upturned. Species that use this form of egg-laying typically hatch as first

instar An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or ass ...

larvae within a few hours of laying. Oviposition on the surface of stagnant water is most common, but some species of ''Aedes'' and all ''Psorophora'' deposit their eggs in areas that will flood. Eggs are laid and embryological development occurs, but the eggs do not hatch till flooded. After flooding, the eggs will hatch within two to three days.

Larvae

Culicinae larvae are adapted to almost every aquatic environment worldwide, excepting flowing streams and open areas of large water masses. Larvae have three body regions –

head A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may ...

thorax The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the cre ...

, and

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...

– as well as having compound eyes and antennae on their heads. The same body regions can be found in Culicinae adults, but the form of each region is very different in the larvae and adults. The larvae have four

instars An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or ass ...

from

hatching Hatching (french: hachure) is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing (or painting or scribing) closely spaced parallel lines. (It is also used in monochromatic representations of heraldry to indicate what the ...

to pupation that occur over four days to two weeks. Culicinae larvae can be distinguished from larvae of other subfamilies by the presence of the posterior siphon. The siphon is used for breathing and breaks the water surface, so the larvae can take in air. Most species hang from the surface of the water, anterior end down, so the siphon stays at the water surface. Some species of '' Mansonia'' and ''

Coquillettidia ''Coquillettidia'' is a mosquito genus erected by entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904 based primarily on unique features of its "peculiar" male genitalia.Harrison G. Dyar. 1904. Remarks on Genitalic Genera in the Culicidae. ''Proceeding ...

'' use the siphon differently, piercing underwater

plants Plants are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all curr ...

to take

oxygen Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as wel ...

. Larvae eat small aquatic organisms and plant material in the water using brush-style and grinding mouth parts. A few species are

predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...

y and have additional mouth parts for grasping. Larvae use jerks of their bodies for

locomotion Locomotion means the act or ability of something to transport or move itself from place to place. Locomotion may refer to: Motion * Motion (physics) * Robot locomotion, of man-made devices By environment * Aquatic locomotion * Flight * Locomo ...

, combined with

propulsion Propulsion is the generation of force by any combination of pushing or pulling to modify the translational motion of an object, which is typically a rigid body (or an articulated rigid body) but may also concern a fluid. The term is derived from ...

using the mouth bristles. They are sensitive to the conditions of the water in which they live, including light, temperature, and many other factors, and are also subject to predation and depend on

aquatic vegetation Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater). They are also referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes to distinguish them from algae and other microphytes. A macrophyte is a plant that ...

to hide from predators.

Pupae

Culicinae pupae are aquatic and do not feed, but they do require air intake. All pupae must come to the water surface for air, with the exception of '' Mansonia'' and ''

'' species. Pupae are exarate, allowing movement of the exposed abdomen. Thrashing of the abdomen can move the pupae quickly, sideways or downward, but as soon as movement of the abdomen stops, the pupae return to the surface of the water. The pupa naturally rises to the surface of the water due to an air pocket between the wing cases that make it lighter than water. Pupation lasts as little as one day to as much as several weeks, because some

diapause In animal dormancy, diapause is the delay in development in response to regular and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions.Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A., Masaki, S. (1986) ''Seasonal Adaptations of Insects''. Oxford University Press It ...

can occur.

Adults

Adult mosquitoes are about equal in proportions of

males Male (symbol: ♂) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm, which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to ...

and

females Female (symbol: ♀) is the sex of an organism that produces the large non-motile ova (egg cells), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gametes than a male. Females a ...

, but males emerge from the pupal stage before females. Males stay near the

breeding ground In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

and

mate Mate may refer to: Science * Mate, one of a pair of animals involved in: ** Mate choice, intersexual selection ** Mating * Multi-antimicrobial extrusion protein, or MATE, an efflux transporter family of proteins Person or title * Friendship ...

soon after the females emerge. Females only need to mate once, then store sperm to use over their lifetimes. After mating, adults leave the breeding ground and can fly great distances. Culicinae adults inhabit almost every environment, and both males and females feed on

plant sugars In organic chemistry, a carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where ''m'' may or may ...

. Females also feed on animal

blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the c ...

, which most species need before they can lay eggs. After a blood meal, females take two or more days to digest the blood before oviposition. After egglaying, females begin searching for another

host A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may also refer to: Places * Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County People *Jim Host (born 1937), American businessman * Michel Host ...

for a blood meal. Different species of mosquitoes have preferences to blood meals from specific species of hosts, but can feed on other species. Adults have three body regions, with narrow

membrane A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. B ...

s joining the segments, and are two to 15 mm in length. The first body region, the head, holds the large

compound eyes A compound eye is a visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. It may consist of thousands of ommatidia, which are tiny independent photoreception units that consist of a cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells which distin ...

-style mouth parts, and plumose antennae. The antennae of males are more plumose than those of females, to catch

pheromones A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavio ...

to find a mate. The thorax is covered in

scales Scale or scales may refer to: Mathematics * Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points * Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original * Scale factor, a number w ...

and

setae In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. Th ...

helpful in species identification. Attached to the thorax are three pairs of long, slender legs, a pair of fore wings used for flight, and hind wings reduced to halteres for balance. The abdomen is slender, but membranous so it can swell when feeding. The abdomen has 10 segments, but only eight are visible. The last two segments are reduced and used for

reproduction Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual or ...

. The lifespan of adult Culicinae can vary greatly based on

environment Environment most often refers to: __NOTOC__ * Natural environment, all living and non-living things occurring naturally * Biophysical environment, the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism or ...

, predation, and

pest control Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range ...

Feeding

Culicinae adults of both sexes feed on

, such as

nectar Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...

. Feeding on blood is only practiced by females, to gain a high-

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

meal for egg production. The mouth parts of females are adapted for piercing the skin of hosts, whereas the similar mouth parts of males are incapable of piercing skin. When feeding on blood, females use their large compound eyes to initially find a

. When near a host, females can detect changes in light and odors. They can then land and use their probosces to feel for a place to bite. To feed, they pierce the skin and inject

saliva Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be ...

containing an

anticoagulant Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Some of them occur naturally in blood-eating animals such as leeches and mosquitoes, where the ...

and an

anesthetic An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia ⁠— ⁠in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. They may be divided into two ...

. The anesthetic reduces pain so the host does not detect the bite, and the anticoagulant prevents blood from clotting so they can continue to feed. Pathogenic organisms contained in the saliva injection by the female mosquitoes can quickly spread diseases.

Taxonomy of Culicinae

The subfamily Culicinae has 3,046 species in 108 genera that are sorted into 11 tribes. The tribes and genera they contain are shown below, with the number of species in each genus noted. Aedeomyiini * '' Aedomyia'' (7 species)

Aedini Aedini is a mosquito tribe in the subfamily Culicinae. It is the main tribe of mosquitoes with 1256 species classified in 81 genera and two groups ''incertae sedis''. Genera *Genus '' Abraedes'' *Genus ''Aedes'' *Genus '' Alanstonea'' *Genus '' ...

* '' Abraedes'' (1) * '' Acartomyia'' (3) * ''

'' (126) * Aedes' sensu auctorum'' (4) * '' Aedimorphus'' (67) * '' Alanstonea'' (2) * '' Albuginosus'' (9) * '' Armigeres'' (58) * '' Ayurakitia'' (2) * '' Aztecaedes'' (1) * '' Belkinius'' (1) * '' Bifidistylus'' (2) * '' Borichinda'' (1) * '' Bothaella'' (6) * '' Bruceharrisonius'' (8) * '' Cancraedes'' (10) * '' Catageiomyia'' (28) * '' Catatassomyia'' (1) * '' Christophersiomyia'' (5) * '' Collessius'' (9) * '' Cornetius'' (1) * '' Dahliana'' (3) * '' Danielsia'' (3) * '' Dendroskusea'' (5) * '' Diceromyia'' (14) * '' Dobrotworskyius'' (7) * '' Downsiomyia'' (30) * '' Edwardsaedes'' (3) * '' Elpeytonius'' (2) * ''

Eretmapodites The Afrotropical mosquito genus ''Eretmapodites'' contains species that exhibit facultative cannibalism in their larval developmental stages.Thomas V. Gaffigan, Richard C. Wilkerson, James E. Pecor, Judith A. Stoffer and Thomas Anderson. 2016 ...

'' (48) * '' Finlaya'' (36) * ''

Fredwardsius ''Fredwardsius'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Aedes'' with distribution in southern Europe, southern Asia, and Africa.John F. Reinert. 2000. Description of ''Fredwardsius'', a new subgenus of ''Aedes'' (Diptera: Culicidae). ''European Mosquito ...

'' (1) * '' Georgecraigius'' (3) * '' Geoskusea'' (10) * '' Gilesius'' (2) * '' Gymnometopa'' (1) * '' Haemagogus'' (28) * '' Halaedes'' (3) * '' Heizmannia'' (38) * '' Himalaius'' (2) * '' Hopkinsius'' (7) * '' Howardina'' (34) * '' Huaedes'' (3) * '' Hulecoeteomyia'' (13) * '' Indusius'' (1) * '' Isoaedes'' (1) * '' Jarnellius'' (5) * '' Jihlienius'' (3) * '' Kenknightia'' (12) * '' Leptosomatomyia'' (1) * '' Levua'' (1) * '' Lewnielsenius'' (1) * '' Lorrainea'' (5) * '' Luius'' (1) * ''

Macleaya ''Macleaya'', or plume poppy, is a genus of two or three species of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae, native to Japan ('' Macleaya cordata'') and China ('' Macleaya miclocarpa''). They are large rhizomatous herbaceous perennial ...

'' (11) * '' Molpemyia'' (3) * '' Mucidus'' (14) * '' Neomelaniconion'' (28) * ''

Ochlerotatus ''Ochlerotatus'' is a genus of mosquito. Until 2000, it was ranked as a subgenus of ''Aedes'', but after Reinert's work, the clade was upgraded to the level of a genus. This change has resulted in the renaming of many subgenus species, and many a ...

'' (197) * Ochlerotatus' sensu auctorum'' (69) * '' Opifex'' (2) * '' Paraedes'' (8) * '' Patmarksia'' (13) * '' Petermattinglyius'' (5) * '' Phagomyia'' (16) * '' Polyleptiomyia'' (2) * '' Pseudarmigeres'' (5) * ''

'' (48) * '' Rampamyia'' (3) * '' Rhinoskusea'' (4) * '' Sallumia'' (2) * '' Scutomyia'' (9) * '' Skusea'' (4) * '' Stegomyia'' (127) * '' Tanakaius'' (2) * '' Tewarius'' (4) * '' Udaya'' (3) * '' Vansomerenis'' (3) * '' Verrallina'' (95) * '' Zavortinkius'' (11) * '' Zeugnomyia'' (4) Culicini * ''

Culex ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...

'' (768) * '' Deinocerites'' (18) * '' Galindomyia'' (1) * ''

Lutzia ''Lutzia'' is a genus of mosquitos. First described in 1903 by Frederick Vincent Theobald,Frederick V. Theobald. 1903. ''A monograph of Culicidae or mosquitoes'', III. London: British Museum (Natural History). xv + 359pp.; 155; http://www.mosqu ...

'' (8) Culisetini * ''

Culiseta ''Culiseta'' is a genus (biology), genus of mosquitoes. Most ''Culiseta'' species are cold-adapted, and only occur in warmer climates during the colder parts of the year or at higher elevations where temperatures are lower. Species found in South ...

'' (37) Ficalbiini * '' Ficalbia'' (8) * '' Mimomyia'' (45) Hodgesiini * ''Hodhesia'' (11) Mansoniini * ''

'' (57) * '' Mansonia'' (25) Orthopodomyiini * ''

Orthopodomyia ''Orthopodomyia'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the family Culicidae. There are at least 40 described species in ''Orthopodomyia''. Species These 40 species belong to the genus ''Orthopodomyia'': * ''Orthopodomyia alba'' Baker, 1936 * ''Orthopodo ...

'' (35) Sabethini * '' Isostomyia'' (4) * '' Johnbelkinia'' (3) * ''

Kimia Kimia is an Ancient Greek word and a feminine given name in Persian language. It means elixir of life, alchemy, or the philosopher’s stone. In ancient Persian poetry, kimia means "rare" or "unique." The word is from the Ancient Greek , ''khē ...

'' (5) * '' Limatus'' (8) * '' Malaya'' (12) * '' Maorigoeldia'' (1) * '' Onirion'' (7) * '' Runchomyia'' (7) * ''

Sabethes ''Sabethes'' mosquitoes are primarily an arboreal genus, breeding in plant cavities.Ralph E. Harbach. 1994. The subgenus ''Sabethinus'' of ''Sabethes'' (Diptera: Culicidae). ''Systematic Entomology'', 19: 207-234; https://www.researchgate.net/p ...

'' (39) * '' Shannoniana'' (3) * '' Topomyia'' (60) * '' Trichoprosopon'' (13) * '' Tripteroides'' (122) * ''

Wyeomyia Wyeomyia is a genus of mosquitoes first described in 1901 by Frederick Vincent Theobald.Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory: ''Wyeomyia Theobald, 1901'', http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info/simpletaxonomy/term/6251, accessed August 5, 2017. The ge ...

'' (139) Toxorhynchitini * '' Toxorhynchites'' (88) Uranotaeniini * ''

Uranotaenia ''Uranotaenia'' is a genus of mosquitoes containing at least 270 species. It is the only member of the tribe Uranotaeniini. Subgenera * ''Pseudoficalbia'' * '' Uranotaenia'' See also * List of Uranotaenia species This is a list of 270 specie ...

'' (267)

References

* * Bay, D.E.; Harris, R.L. (1988). ''Introduction to Veterinary Entomology: A Guide to Livestock Insects:'' 43-51. Robert Harris Publisher. {{Taxonbar, from=Q139664 Nematocera subfamilies