Cross-stringing (sometimes called overstringing) is a method of arranging piano strings inside the case of a
piano
A piano is a keyboard instrument that produces sound when its keys are depressed, activating an Action (music), action mechanism where hammers strike String (music), strings. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a c ...
so that the strings are placed in a vertically overlapping slanted arrangement, with two heights of
bridge
A bridge is a structure built to Span (engineering), span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or railway) without blocking the path underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, whi ...
s on the soundboard instead of just one. This permits larger, but not necessarily longer, strings to fit within the case of the piano. The invention of cross-stringing in the 1820s is variously credited to
Alpheus Babcock and
Jean-Henri Pape. The first use of the patent in grand pianos in the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
was by
Henry Steinway Jr. in 1859. In the late 19th century, cross-stringing gradually took the place of
straight-stringing, in which all the strings are perpendicular to the keyboard and do not overlap.
The advantages of cross-stringing is that the case of the piano can be smaller, the bass strings can be longer and the placement of the bass strings is in the center of the piano case, where they receive more resonance than when placed at the side.
Cross-stringing used to criticized by some as producing a "murky" sound due to the sustain pedal being used improperly, but that was addressed by learning how to use the sustain pedal properly. According to the pianist Gwendolyn Mok, "If you look inside your own piano, you will notice that the strings are all crossing each other. With the straight strung piano you get distinct registral differences--almost like listening to a choir where you have the bass, tenor, alto, and soprano voices. It is very clear and there is no blending or homogenizing of the sound."
Gwendolyn Mok in Conversation with Thad Carhart
, www.gwendolynmok.com
Some Challen pianos made in the 1920s are "double overstrung", where the strings are at 3 different heights and cross over in 2 different locations.
References
Piano
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