Critical hours for radio stations is the time from

sunrise Sunrise (or sunup) is the moment when the upper rim of the Sun appears on the horizon in the morning. The term can also refer to the entire process of the solar disk crossing the horizon and its accompanying atmospheric effects. Terminology A ...

to two hours after sunrise, and from two hours before

sunset Sunset, also known as sundown, is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon due to Earth's rotation. As viewed from everywhere on Earth (except the North and South poles), the equinox Sun sets due west at the moment of both the spr ...

until sunset, local time. During this time, certain American radio stations may be operating with reduced power as a result of Section 73.187 of the

Federal Communications Commission The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdicti ...

's rules. Canadian restricted hours are similar to critical hours, except that the restriction results from the January 17, 1984, U.S.-Canadian AM Agreement. Canadian restricted hours are called "critical hours" in the U.S.-Canadian Agreement, but in the AM Engineering database, the FCC calls them "Canadian restricted hours" to distinguish them from the domestically defined critical hours. Canadian restricted hours is that time from sunrise to one and one-half hours after sunrise, and from one and one-half hours before sunset until sunset, local time. U.S. stations operate with restricted hours because of Canadian stations, and vice versa. Those radio stations that must lower their power during the critical hours are required to do so because this is when the propagation of radio waves changes from groundwave to

skywave In radio communication, skywave or skip refers to the propagation of radio waves reflected or refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere, an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere. Since it is not limited by the curvature o ...

(at sunset) or vice versa (at sunrise). This can cause radio stations to be picked up much farther away, possibly causing interference with other stations on the same frequency or adjacent frequencies.{{cite web , last=Edmunds , first=Russ , title=Sunrise & Sunset , publisher=National Radio Club , url=http://www.nrcdxas.org/articles/sunriseset.html , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104235902/http://www.nrcdxas.org/articles/sunriseset.html , archive-date=2006-11-04 , access-date=2016-02-24 Usually stations operating under the restrictions of Critical Hours must sign off the air between the end of the evening critical hours and the beginning of the morning critical hours. In effect, permission to operate during critical hours gives daytime-only stations a few more hours in their broadcast day. This is especially important in autumn and winter, when these stations might otherwise need to be off the air during the important morning and afternoon drive times, when AM radio listening is at its highest.

References

Broadcast engineering

See also

References