Counter-Revolutionary Violence

''Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda'' is a 1973 book by Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, with a preface by Richard A. Falk. It offers a critique of United States foreign policy in Indochina.

Contents

Chomsky and Herman offer a critique of United States foreign policy in Indochina, with significant focus on the Vietnam War. They include sections on the My Lai Massacre, Operation Speedy Express, and the Phoenix Program.

Chomsky and Herman introduced a framework in ''Counter-Revolutionary Violence'' (''CRV'') that became a hallmark of their work, which classified bloodbaths (and terrorist activities) in these categories of Washington, D.C., and the media's regard:

* Benign: East Pakistan in 1971, Burundi in 1972;
* Constructive: Indonesia in 1965–1966; France in Vietnam, 1950s; Diem regime in Vietnam, 1950s; the United States in Vietnam, 1960s; the United States in the Philippines, periodically from 1898 to when ''CRV'' was printed in 1973; the United States in Cambodia from the Lon Nol coup in 1970 to when ''CRV'' was printed in 1973;
* Nefarious: Vietnamese revolutionary, 1950s and 1960s;
* Mythical: North Vietnamese land reform in the 1950s; North Vietnamese in Huế in 1968.

Chomsky and Herman argued that the American treatment of bloodbaths was related to their political utility, regardless of the objective facts of such murders. Benign bloodbaths were those in which the United States' political establishment had little strategic interest and were often committed by friendly nations (and the United States regularly supplied the regimes committing the murders), constructive bloodbaths had strongly favorable results for American (primarily corporate) interests, nefarious bloodbaths were conducted by official enemies, and mythical bloodbaths either never happened or were minor events inflated into legendary status by government and media exaggeration.

Publishing history

The work was published by Warner Modular Publications, a subsidiary of Warner Communications in 1973. The head of Warner Publishing wanted to stop the publication of the book, and Warner Modular was shut down as a result.

Warner Modular initially agreed to print 20,000 copies of the book. Warner Modular's publisher, Claude McCaleb, had spent his career publishing books for universities, and ''CRV'' was planned as part of a series of works that studied American institutions, which McCaleb believed would be timely after the Watergate scandal. Warner Modular had prepared ads to run in various periodicals that promoted ''CRV'', in anticipation of an upcoming convention of the American Sociological Association in New York City. According to McCaleb, in an affidavit to Chomsky and Herman quoted in Ben Bagdikian's '' The Media Monopoly'', on August 27, 1973, the chief of book operations at Warner Communications, William Sarnoff, nephew of David Sarnoff, saw the ads come across his desk and called McCaleb's office in Andover, Massachusetts and Sarnoff asked if ''CRV'' would be another Pentagon Papers that would embarrass Warner. McCaleb replied that it was not a document leak, but was an analysis of public material by two established academics. Two hours later, Sarnoff called again and asked McCaleb to fly that night and bring an advance copy of the book to his office in New York City. In the morning McCaleb dropped off the book at Sarnoff's office and then went to the booth at the American Sociological Association's conference, awaiting the advance copies of ''CRV'' that were just coming off of the presses. Within a few hours, Sarnoff asked McCaleb to come back to his office. McCaleb is quoted as saying:

Sarnoff immediately launched into a violent verbal attack on me for having published ''CRV'' saying, among other things, that it was a pack of lies, a scurrilous attack on respected Americans, undocumented, a publication unworthy of a serious publisher.

McCaleb reminded Sarnoff of the arrangement that they had when McCaleb was hired: he and his staff were given discretion to select what to publish, and that their sales levels would measure their success. Sarnoff dismissed McCaleb's argument by stating that the arrangement did not cover works that were "worthless and full of lies." Sarnoff complained that too many of Warner Modular's works were written by left-wing writers. McCaleb replied that conservative writers were also represented, and that Warner Modular had planned to publish works by Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek.

Sarnoff then canceled the ads for ''CRV'', ordered the destruction of the first printing of ''CRV'', as well as the Warner Modular catalog that listed them, and announced that he would not release one copy of ''CRV'' to anybody. When McCaleb replied that such an outrageous move would shatter Warner Modular's staff and shock the publishing world, Sarnoff replied that he did not "give a damn what I, my staff, the authors, or the academic community thought and ended by saying that we should destroy the entire inventory of ''CRV''".

Warner Publishing decided to shut down Warner Modular before ''CRV'' could be published. The print run was not initially destroyed because of contractual obligations, but the book was passed on to MSS Information Corporation for promotion and distribution after Warner Publishing shut down Warner Modular. However, MSS engaged in no promotion, as it was not a commercial publishing company and had no distribution facilities. Only 500 copies of the 20,000-copy printing survived. Radical America obtained and distributed some copies, because its staff already knew of ''CRV's'' existence. According to Chomsky, the rest were "pulped," not burned. Despite its suppression in the United States, it was translated into several European languages, had two printings in France by the time that ''The Washington Connection'' was printed, and ''CRV's'' suppression became a "minor cause celebre" in France.

The work is the foundation of the authors' much expanded two-volume ''The Political Economy of Human Rights'', published in 1979.

See also

* '' Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media''

References

External links

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The full text, at Chomsky.info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Counter-Revolutionary Violence - Bloodbaths In Fact and Propaganda
1973 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about foreign relations of the United States
Books about media bias
Books about politics of the United States
Books about propaganda
Books about terrorism
Vietnam War books
Books by Edward S. Herman
Books by Noam Chomsky
Collaborative non-fiction books
Book censorship in the United States