The Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG) was a

nonprofit A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in co ...

NGO A non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-governmental organisation (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government. They are typically nonprofit entities, and many of them are active in h ...

with a focus on

biotechnology Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used ...

History

The Council for Responsible Genetics was founded in 1983 in

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As part of the Boston metropolitan area, the cities population of the 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the fourth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, ...

. An early voice concerned about the social and ethical implications of modern genetic technologies, CRG organized a 1985 Congressional Briefing and a 1986 panel of the

American Association for the Advancement of Science The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific respons ...

, both focusing on the potential dangers of genetically engineered biological weapons. Francis Boyle was asked to draft legislation setting limits on the use of genetic engineering, leading to the

Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 The Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 (BWATA), ) was a piece of U.S. legislation that was passed into law in 1990. It provided for the implementation of the Biological Weapons Convention as well as criminal penalties for violation of i ...

. CRG was the first organization to advance a comprehensive, scientifically based position against human

germline engineering Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes o ...

. It was also the first to compile documented cases of

genetic discrimination Genetic discrimination occurs when people treat others (or are treated) differently because they have or are perceived to have a gene mutation(s) that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. It may also refer to any and all discr ...

, laying the intellectual groundwork for the

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (, GINA ), is an Act of Congress in the United States designed to prohibit some types of genetic discrimination. The act bars the use of genetic information in health insurance and employment ...

of 2008 (GINA). The organization created both a Genetic Bill of Rights and a Citizen's Guide to Genetically Modified Food. Also notable are CRG's support for the "Safe Seeds Campaign" (for avoiding

gene flow In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration or geneflow and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent a ...

from

genetically engineered Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including t ...

to non-GE seed) and the organization of a US conference on Forensic DNA Databanks and Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System. In 2010 CRG led a successful campaign to roll back a controversial student genetic testing program at the

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant un ...

. In 2011, CRG led a campaign to successfully enact alGINAin California, which extended

genetic privacy Genetic privacy involves the concept of personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to one's genetic information. This concept also encompasses privacy regarding the abi ...

and nondiscrimination protections to life, disability and long term care insurance, mortgages, lending and other areas. CRG issued five anthologies of commentaries: * ''Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age'' edited by

Sheldon Krimsky Sheldon Krimsky (February 18, 1942 – April 25, 2022) was a professor of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning at Tufts University, and adjunct professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at Tufts University Schoo ...

and Peter Shorett * ''Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth and Culture'' * ''Genetic Explanations: Sense and Nonsense'' edited by Krimsky and

Jeremy Gruber Jeremy Gruber is a lawyer, writer, and public policy advocate and is the senior vice president at Open Primaries. He is the former President and Executive Director of the Council for Responsible Genetics. He has testified before the United States ...

* ''Biotechnology in our Lives'' edited by Krimsky and Gruber * ''The GMO Deception'' edited by Krimsky and Gruber * Principles and projects CRG "fosters public debate about the social, ethical and environmental implications of genetic technologies." They list three central

principles A principle is a proposition or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation. In law, it is a rule that has to be or usually is to be followed. It can be desirably followed, or it can be an inevitable consequence of something, such as the law ...

: *The public must have access to clear and understandable information on technological innovations. *The public must be able to participate in public and private decision making concerning technological developments and their implementation. *New technologies must meet social needs. Problems rooted in poverty, racism, and other forms of inequality, according to CRG, cannot be remedied by technology alone. In 2007, CRG hosted a retreat to refresh the mission statement and determine goals for the future of the organization. The outcome was that CRG should: *Explore and document developments in biotechnology through a holistic approach that considers science within a social, cultural, ethical, and environmental context. *Serve as a global knowledge resource, providing information and education about the potential impact of new and emerging biotechnologies. *Develop concrete policy solutions to address what CRG feels are emerging issues in biotechnology. *Mobilize and collaborate with scientists and other organizations to inform the public and promote democratic control of science. *Expose what CRG views as over-simplified and distorted claims regarding the role of genetics in human disease, development and behavior. The pioneering contributions of CRG to public interest initiatives concerned with appropriate use of biotechnologies are recounted in the book ''Biotech Juggernaut: Hope, Hype, and Hidden Agendas of Entrepreneurial Bioscience'' (Routledge, 2019).

''GeneWatch''

The CRG publishes ''Genewatch'', America's first and (according to CRG in 2009) only magazine dedicated to monitoring biotechnology's social, ethical and environmental consequences. The publication covers a broad spectrum of issues, from

genetically modified food Genetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Gene ...

biological weapon A biological agent (also called bio-agent, biological threat agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon, or bioweapon) is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, fungus, or toxin that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterroris ...

s, genetic

privacy Privacy (, ) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security, which can include the concepts of ...

and discrimination,

reproductive technology Reproductive technology encompasses all current and anticipated uses of technology in human and animal reproduction, including assisted reproductive technology, contraception and others. It is also termed Assisted Reproductive Technology, where it ...

, and

human cloning Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy (or clone) of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural concept ...

. Established in 1983, the publication won the

Utne Utne is a village in Ullensvang municipality in the Hardanger region of Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the northern end of the Folgefonn Peninsula, at the confluence In geography, a confluence (also: ''conflux'') occurs ...

Independent Press Award for General Excellence in the category of newsletters in 2006.

Funding

A major source of CRG's funding is the

Ford Foundation The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, it was originally funded by a US$25,000 gift from Edsel Ford. By 1947, after the death ...

, which provided $420,000 in grants during 2005-2007.

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Council For Responsible Genetics Appropriate technology organizations Medical and health organizations based in Massachusetts Biotechnology organizations Genetics organizations 1983 establishments in Massachusetts 1983 establishments in the United States Organizations established in 1983

History

''GeneWatch''

Funding

See also

References

External links