Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences". The term cosmobiology was popularized in English after the translation of the writings of

Reinhold Ebertin Reinhold Ebertin (February 16, 1901 - March 14, 1988) was a German school teacher, publisher and astrologer. Life and work Ebertin utilized the research on astrological midpoint In geometry, the midpoint is the middle point of a line segmen ...

, who based a large part of his techniques on the midpoint-astrology work of

Alfred Witte Alfred Witte (2 March 1878 in Hamburg, Germany – 4 August 1941 in Hamburg, Germany), was a German surveyor, astrologer, an amateur astronomer, and the founder of the Hamburg School of Astrology. Witte revived and further developed the use of ...

The term most frequently refers to the school of

astrology Astrology is a range of Divination, divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of Celestial o ...

founded by Ebertin. The main difference between Witte's Hamburg School and Ebertin's Cosmobiology is that Cosmobiology rejects the hypothetical

trans-Neptunian objects A trans-Neptunian object (TNO), also written transneptunian object, is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune, which has a semi-major axis of 30.1 astronomical units (au). Typically, ...

used by the Hamburg School and practitioners of

Uranian astrology The Hamburg School of Astrology originated in Hamburg, Germany, and revolved around the research and teachings of surveyor/ astrologer/amateur astronomer Alfred Witte. The term ''Hamburg School'' as an astrological method originated in 1923 a ...

. Another difference is the significant expansion of Cosmobiology into medical astrology, Dr. Ebertin being a physician. Cosmobiology continued Witte's ultimate primary emphasis on the use of

astrological midpoint Astrology is a range of Divination, divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of Celestial o ...

s along with the following 8th-harmonic aspects in the

natal chart A horoscope (or other commonly used names for the horoscope in English include natal chart, astrological chart, astro-chart, celestial map, sky-map, star-chart, cosmogram, vitasphere, radical chart, radix, chart wheel or simply chart) is an ast ...

, which both Witte and Ebertin found to be the most ''potent'' in terms of personal influence:

conjunction Conjunction may refer to: * Conjunction (grammar), a part of speech * Logical conjunction, a mathematical operator ** Conjunction introduction, a rule of inference of propositional logic * Conjunction (astronomy), in which two astronomical bodies ...

(0°), semi-square (45°),

square In Euclidean geometry, a square is a regular quadrilateral, which means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles (90-degree angles, π/2 radian angles, or right angles). It can also be defined as a rectangle with two equal-length adj ...

(90°),

sesquiquadrate In astrology, an aspect is an angle that planets make to each other in the Horoscope; as well as to the Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant, Lower Midheaven, and other points of astrological interest. As viewed from Earth, aspects are measured ...

(135°), and

opposition Opposition may refer to: Arts and media * ''Opposition'' (Altars EP), 2011 EP by Christian metalcore band Altars * The Opposition (band), a London post-punk band * ''The Opposition with Jordan Klepper'', a late-night television series on Comed ...

(180°). In cosmobiological analysis, planets are inserted into a special type of

horoscope A horoscope (or other commonly used names for the horoscope in English include natal chart, astrological chart, astro-chart, celestial map, sky-map, star-chart, cosmogram, vitasphere, radical chart, radix, chart wheel or simply chart) is an ast ...

often referred to as a '

Cosmogram A cosmogram depicts a cosmology in a flat geometric form. They are used for various purposes: meditational, inpirational and to depict structure -- real or imagined -- of the earth or universe. Often, cosmograms feature a circle and a square, ...

' (derived from the Uranian 90° dial chart) and delineated. The primary reference/research text for Cosmobiology was first published in 1940 by the German

astrologer Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Dif ...

Reinhold Ebertin. The name of the book is ''

The Combination of Stellar Influences Reinhold Ebertin (February 16, 1901 - March 14, 1988) was a German school teacher, publisher and astrologer. Life and work Ebertin utilized the research on astrological midpoints of Hamburg School surveyor and astrologer Alfred Witte first publi ...

''. The original German title is ''Kombination der Gestirneinflüsse''. Its foundations were derived largely from the early versions of the " Regelwerk für Planetenbilder" by Alfred Witte, and then further built upon by Ebertin and colleagues. Ebertin defined Cosmobiology as the following:

"Cosmobiology is a scientific discipline concerned with the possible correlation between the cosmos and organic life and the effects of cosmic rhythms and stellar motion on man, with all his potentials and dispositions, his character and the possible turns of fate; it also researches these correlation and effects as mirrored by earth's plant and animal life as a whole. In this endeavor, Cosmobiology utilises modern-day methods of scientific research, such as statistics, analysis, and computer programming. It is of prime importance, however, in view of the scientific effort expended, not to overlook the macrocosmic and microcosmic interrelations incapable of measurement."

What is noteworthy about both Cosmobiology and Uranian astrology, which has developed along a different path technically, is their emphasis on critical analysis and testing by observing more clearly measurable or observable astrological correlations, rather than to simply perpetuate observations or assumptions written in historical astrological texts, a problem leading to widespread criticism of mainstream Classical Astrology. Some have speculated that the term "Cosmobiology" was coined specifically to divorce its precepts from the manifold ambiguities of, and subsequent widespread biases against,

Classical Astrology Classical may refer to: European antiquity *Classical antiquity, a period of history from roughly the 7th or 8th century B.C.E. to the 5th century C.E. centered on the Mediterranean Sea *Classical architecture, architecture derived from Greek and ...

. Three prominent published Cosmobiological authors in the English language are German-American cosmobiologist

Eleonora Kimmel Eleanor () is a feminine given name, originally from an Old French adaptation of the Old Provençal name ''Aliénor''. It is the name of a number of women of royalty and nobility in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The name was introd ...

, American cosmobiologist

Aren Ober (formerly Savalan) Aren may refer to: People ; Given name * Andreas Arén (born 1985), Swedish ski jumper * Aren b, also known as Brendan Vintedge, American singer-songwriter * Aren Davoudi (born 1986), Armenian basketball player * Aren Kuri (born 1991), Japanese bas ...

, and Australian cosmobiologist

Doris Greaves Doris may refer to: People Given name *Doris (mythology) of Greek mythology, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys * Doris, fictional character in the Canadian television series ''Caillou'' and the mother of the titular character *Doris (singer) (born ...

, all of whom have published texts in Cosmobiology based on their own substantial experiences.

References

*Brau, Jean-Louis: ''Larousse Encyclopedia of Astrology'', McGraw-Hill Books, New York USA, 1977. *Ebertin, Reinhold: ''Astrological Healing'', Samuel Weiser Books, York Beach ME USA, 1989. *Ebertin, Reinhold: ''Combination of Stellar Influences'', Ebertin-Verlag, Aalen, Germany, 1972. *Greaves, Doris: ''Regulus Ebertin Cosmobiology beyond 2000'', Regulus Astrological Publications, Red Hill ACT, Australia, 1999. *Kimmel, Eleonora: ''Cosmobiology for the 21st Century'', American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe AZ USA, 2000. *Ober, Aren: ''Midpoint Interpretation Simplified, 2nd Edition'', Cotter Books, Cleveland OH USA, 2009. *Witte, Alfred: ''Der Mensch'', Ludwig Rudolph Verlag, Hamburg, Germany, 1975. *Witte, Alfred: ''Regelwerk für Planetenbilder'', Ludwig Rudolph Verlag, Hamburg, Germany, 1928. {{Authority control Astrology by tradition History of astrology