''Coreopsis'' () is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the family

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants.

Description

These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with a toothed tip, but may also be yellow-and-red bicolor. They have showy flower heads with involucral bracts in two distinct series of eight each, the outer being commonly connate at the base. The flat fruits are small and dry and look like insects. There are 75–80 species of ''Coreopsis'', all of which are

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. Etymology The word ''north ...

, Central, and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

. The name ''Coreopsis'' is derived from the Greek words κόρις (''koris''), meaning " bedbug", and ὄψις (''opsis''), meaning "view", referring to the shape of the achene.

Taxonomy

''Coreopsis'' is a variable genus closely related to ''

Bidens ''Bidens'' is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.''Bidens''.
Flo ...

''. In fact, neither ''Coreopsis'' nor ''Bidens'', as defined in the 20th century, is strictly monophyletic. ''Coreopsis'' is best described as paraphyletic. Previously (1936), ''Coreopsis'' was classified into 11 sections and 114 species, but the African species were subsequently reclassified as ''Bidens'', leaving the North and South American species, some 75–80 in all, under ''Coreopsis''. 45 species are in the 11 North American sections, and the remaining 35 are in the South American section ''Pseudoagarista''. The North American species fall into two broad groups, with 5 sections and 12 species in Mexico and North America and the remaining 5 sections and 26 species in Eastern North America. One group which does seem to be monophyletic consists of

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...

species from North America, including five sections of ''Coreopsis'', ''

Bidens coronata ''Coreopsis nuecensis'', the crown tickseed, is a North American plant species of '' Coreopsis'' in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Texas, Louisiana, and probably Tamaulipas. There are reports of isolated populations in Michigan and Florid ...

'' and ''

Bidens tripartita ''Bidens tripartita'' is a common and widespread species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, commonly known as three-lobe beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks or trifid bur-marigold. It is native to m ...

'', and the genus '' Thelesperma'' (five species).

Classification

Sections

One classification (GRIN) of the genus consists of eleven sections, shown by

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

relationships with number of species in parenthesis. :''Coreopsis'' sect. ''Pseudoagarista'' (35)

Selected species

See:

= Section Anathysana

= * ''

Coreopsis cyclocarpa ''Coreopsis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants. Description These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with ...

'' S.F.Blake

= Section Calliopsis

= * ''

Coreopsis bicolor Plains coreopsis, garden tickseed, golden tickseed, or calliopsis, ''Coreopsis tinctoria'', is an annual forb. The plant is common in Canada (from Quebec to British Columbia), northeast Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas), and much of th ...

'' * ''

Coreopsis leavenworthii ''Coreopsis leavenworthii'', or Leavenworth's tickseed, is an annual or short lived perennial plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is often grouped within ''Coreopsis tinctoria'' which it resembles. ''Coreopsis leavenworthii'' typically g ...

'' Torr. & A.Gray – Leavenworth's tickseed * ''

Coreopsis paludosa ''Coreopsis paludosa'' is an annual or short lived perennial plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to northern Mexico. ''Coreopsis paludosa'' typically grows 30 to 70 cm tall with yellow flower heads. It has elliptic to oblanceo ...

'' M.E.Jones * ''

Coreopsis tinctoria Plains coreopsis, garden tickseed, golden tickseed, or calliopsis, ''Coreopsis tinctoria'', is an annual forb. The plant is common in Canada (from Quebec to British Columbia), northeast Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas), and much of th ...

'' Nutt. – plains coreopsis

= Section Coreopsis

= * ''

Coreopsis auriculata ''Coreopsis auriculata'', the lobed tickseed or mouse-ear tickseed, is a North American plant species of the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern and east-central United States, from Louisiana east to the Florida Panhandle and as ...

'' L. – lobed tickseed * ''

Coreopsis bakeri ''Coreopsis bakeri'', Baker's coreopsis or Baker's tickseed, is a flowering plant in the ''Coreopsis'' genus. It has yellow flowers. It is closely related to '' Coreopsis lanceolata''. It is in the Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternat ...

'' E.E.Schill. * ''

Coreopsis basalis ''Coreopsis basalis'', the golden-mane coreopsis, is a North American plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Texas to the Carolinas. Isolated populations (apparently escapees ...

'' (A.Dietr.) S.F.Blake – goldenmane tickseed * ''

Coreopsis grandiflora ''Coreopsis grandiflora'' is a North American species of perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. The common name is large-flowered tickseed. It is found in eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick) and much of the United States, especial ...

'' Hogg ex Sweet – large-flowered tickseed * '' Coreopsis intermedia'' Sherff – goldenwave tickseed * ''

Coreopsis lanceolata ''Coreopsis lanceolata'', commonly known as lanceleaf coreopsis, lanceleaf tickseed, lance-leaved coreopsis, or sand coreopsis, is a North American species of Coreopsis, tickseed in the family Asteraceae. Description ''Coreopsis lanceolata'' is ...

'' L. – lance coreopsis, lance-leaf tickseed * '' Coreopsis nuecensis'' A.Heller – crown tickseed * '' Coreopsis nuecensoides'' E.B.Sm. – Rio Grande tickseed * '' Coreopsis pubescens'' Elliott – star tickseed * '' Coreopsis wrightii'' (A.Gray) H.M.Parker – rock tickseed

= Section Electra

= * '' Coreopsis cuneifolia'' Greenm. * '' Coreopsis mexicana'' * '' Coreopsis mutica'' DC.

= Section Eublepharis

= * '' Coreopsis floridana'' E.B.Sm. – Florida tickseed * '' Coreopsis gladiata'' Walter – coastalplain tickseed * '' Coreopsis integrifolia'' Poir. – fringeleaf tickseed * '' Coreopsis linifolia'' Nutt. – Texas tickseed * ''

Coreopsis nudata ''Coreopsis nudata'', the Georgia tickseed, is a herbaceous perennial plant species of the genus ''Coreopsis'' in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, in the states of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, Florida, Alab ...

'' Nutt. – Georgia tickseed * '' Coreopsis rosea'' Nutt. – pink tickseed

= Section Gyrophyllum (syn. Palmatae)

= * '' Coreopsis delphiniifolia'' Lam. – larkspurleaf tickseed * '' Coreopsis major'' Walter – greater tickseed * ''

Coreopsis palmata ''Coreopsis palmata'' is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to North America. Common names include stiff tickseed, wedgeleaf coreopsis, prairie coreopsis, prairie tickseed,

'' Nutt. – stiff tickseed * '' Coreopsis pulchra'' F.E.Boynton – woodland tickseed * '' Coreopsis tripteris'' L. – tall tickseed * '' Coreopsis verticillata'' L. – whorled tickseed

= Section Leptosyne

= * '' Coreopsis douglasii'' (DC.) H.M.Hall – Douglas's tickseed * ''

Coreopsis californica ''Coreopsis californica'' is a North American species of tickseed in the family Asteraceae.

'' (Nutt.) H.Sharsm. – California tickseed * '' Coreopsis stillmanii'' (A.Gray) S.F.Blake – Stillman's tickseed

= Section Pseudoagarista

= South America, 35 species * ''

Coreopsis mcvaughii ''Coreopsis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants. Description These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with ...

'' D.J.Crawford * ''

Coreopsis petrophila ''Coreopsis petrophila'' is a Mexican species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the States of Jalisco, Durango, Nayarit, and Guerrero in western Mexico.Coreopsis petrophiloides'' B.L.Rob. & Greenm. * '' Coreopsis rudis'' (Benth.) Hemsl.

= Section Pugiopappus

= * '' Coreopsis bigelovii'' ( A.Gray) Voss – Bigelow's tickseed * '' Coreopsis calliopsidea'' (DC.) A.Gray – leafstem tickseed * '' Coreopsis hamiltonii'' (Elmer) H. Sharsm. – Mount Hamilton tickseed

= Section Silphidium

= * '' Coreopsis latifolia'' Michx. – broadleaf tickseed

= Section Tuckermannia

= * '' Coreopsis gigantea'' (Kellogg) H.M.Hall – giant coreopsis * '' Coreopsis maritima'' (Nutt.) Hook.f. – sea dahlia

Formerly placed here

Distribution and habitat

North American ''Coreopsis'' can be found in two habitats in the wild, growing along roadsides and open fields throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. In this environment the plant will self-sow.

Ecology

''Coreopsis'' species are a source of nectar and pollen for insects. The species is known to provide food to caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including '' Coleophora acamtopappi''.

Cultivation

''Coreopsis'' can grow in a garden as a border plant, or in a container, preferring well-drained soil. Deadheading the flowers ensures it does not become weedy. Using the

U.S. Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of comme ...

(USDA) hardiness zones will identify what soil and climate is preferred for different cultivars or species. Notable species found in cultivation are ''C. grandiflora'' and ''C. verticillata'', as well as their various

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

The sunny, summer-blooming, daisy-like flowers are popularly planted in gardens to attract butterflies. Both

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year ** Yearbook ** Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), ...

and

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...

types are grown in the home garden (USDA hardiness zone 7a/6b). In the Mid-Atlantic region, insects such as bees, hover flies, and wasps are often observed visiting the flowers.

Culture

All ''Coreopsis'' species were designated the state wildflower of the U.S. state of

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

in 1991. In the

language of flowers Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...

, ''Coreopsis'' means to be always cheerful, while ''Coreopsis arkansa'' in particular stands for love at first sight.

References

External links

Flora of North America: Coreopsis
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1362995 Asteraceae genera Symbols of Florida