Convoy QS-33
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Convoy QS 33 was a trade
convoy A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used ...
of merchant ships during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. It was one of the numbered QS Convoys from Québec to Sydney. The convoy was attacked in the early months of the
Battle of the St. Lawrence The Battle of the St. Lawrence involved marine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower St. Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Strait of Belle Isle, Anticosti Island and Cabot Strait from May–October 1942, September ...
, in the
St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connecting ...
and
Gulf of St. Lawrence The Gulf of St. Lawrence () is the outlet of the North American Great Lakes via the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. The gulf is a semi-enclosed sea, covering an area of about and containing about of water, at an average depth of . ...
, when German
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
s were making ad hoc forays deep into Canadian waters. The convoy was found on 6 September 1942 by , which then destroyed two ships from the convoy while destroyed three.


Background

The March 1942 St. Lawrence Conference reviewed plans for Quebec-Sydney convoys for defence against
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
s in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence The Gulf of St. Lawrence () is the outlet of the North American Great Lakes via the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. The gulf is a semi-enclosed sea, covering an area of about and containing about of water, at an average depth of . ...
and the
St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connecting ...
as well as establishing a base at
Gaspé, Quebec Gaspé is a city at the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec in Canada. Gaspé is located about northeast of Quebec City, and east of Rimouski. As of the 2021 Canadian Census, the city had ...
for the St. Lawrence patrol force, named Gaspé Force. However, by Spring 1942 the only deterrent active within the St. Lawrence were air patrols. In early May, the first U-boat arrived in the St. Lawrence, . It entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sank two merchant vessels. Following the attacks, all independent sailings were cancelled and the QS-SQ convoy system was adopted. As a result of merchant ship losses in the Atlantic Ocean, many slow
lake freighter Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carrier vessels that operate on the Great Lakes of North America. These vessels are traditionally called boats, although classified as ships. Since the late 19th century, lakers have carried bulk cargoes of m ...
s, vessels built for shipping on the
Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...
, had been brought into service supplying St. Lawrence ports. The large number of slow ships prevented the adoption of slow and fast convoys of merchants, making all the convoys uniform in speed with a maximum of . This did not stop U-boat attacks as sank three ships of QS-15 on 6 July. One ship was damaged in QS-19 by ''U-132'' on 20 July and sank the US
troopship A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime. Troopships were often drafted from commercial shipping fleets, and were unable land troops directly on shore, typicall ...
''Chatham'' on 27 August, followed by sinking a merchant vessel in Forteau Bay.


Ships in the convoy


Allied merchant ships

A total of eight merchant vessels joined the convoy, either in
Quebec City Quebec City ( or ; french: Ville de Québec), officially Québec (), is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Communauté métrop ...
or later in the short voyage. The convoy comprised eight merchant vessels, split into two columns of four. The convoy departed from Bic Island, Quebec in the afternoon of 6 September. ''Aeas'' was transporting a load of timber and steel bound for the United Kingdom. ''Mount Pindus'' and ''Mount Taygetus'' were loaded with general cargo and had
tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
s lashed on deck for the United Kingdom. ''Oakton'' was carrying
coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dea ...
from
Sandusky, Ohio Sandusky ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Erie County, Ohio, Erie County, Ohio, United States. Situated along the shores of Lake Erie in the northern part of the state, Sandusky is located roughly midway between Toledo, Ohio, Toledo ( wes ...
bound for
Corner Brook, Newfoundland Corner Brook ( 2021 population: 19,333 CA 29,762) is a city located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Corner Brook is the fifth largest settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador. ...
.


Convoy escort

Having learned from attacks in Canadian waters during the early weeks of the Battle of the St. Lawrence, a series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its short journey. The corvette ''Arrowhead'', with the escort commander, Commander E.G. Skinner aboard and the minesweeper ''Truro'' were positioned port and starboard respectively of the lead merchant vessel. The motor launch ''Q-083'' was situated in front of the convoy while ''Q-065'' was positioned astern of the last merchant ship. Further to the naval escort, three
Hudson Hudson may refer to: People * Hudson (given name) * Hudson (surname) * Henry Hudson, English explorer * Hudson (footballer, born 1986), Hudson Fernando Tobias de Carvalho, Brazilian football right-back * Hudson (footballer, born 1988), Hudso ...
light bomber A light bomber is a relatively small and fast type of military bomber aircraft that was primarily employed before the 1950s. Such aircraft would typically not carry more than one ton of ordnance. The earliest light bombers were intended to dro ...
s operating from the airfield at
Mont-Joli Mont-Joli () is a city in the La Mitis Regional County Municipality within the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. It is the county seat. The city is located east of Rimouski near the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River. History In ...
provided air cover during daylight hours.


Battle

As the convoy passed with sight of the lighthouse at
Cap-Chat, Quebec Cap-Chat is a town in the Canadian province of Québec, in the Regional County Municipality of Haute-Gaspésie, and in the administrative region of Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine. Cap-Chat is found west of Sainte-Anne-des-Monts. , Cap-Chat's p ...
on 6 September, the convoy entered an area of reduced visibility and came under attack by the , which had been shadowing the convoy. Waiting until after darkness had fallen, the submarine targeted ''Aeas'' first launching torpedoes around 23:00. ''Aeas'' was positioned at the northernmost merchant position in the convoy in the front row. Two torpedoes stuck the merchant vessel amidships, one in the fuel bunker, the other in the #3 hold. In response to the torpedo strike, ''Arrowhead'' went to full speed and began firing
star shell A shell, in a military context, is a projectile whose payload contains an explosive, incendiary, or other chemical filling. Originally it was called a bombshell, but "shell" has come to be unambiguous in a military context. Modern usage so ...
s. ''Truro'' began searching along the presumed path of the torpedo, finding nothing. ''Truro''s
asdic Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or ...
malfunctioned the night before the attack and was not fully operational and ''Q-083''s asdic set had failed a few hours before the attack. As ''Aeas'' sank, the cold river water poured over the vessel's hot boilers, causing them to explode. ''Aeas'' sank in four minutes, roughly northwest of Cap-Chat. Four vessels of the convoy scattered after the explosion, seeking shelter in the shallower waters closer to shore. ''Truro'' was nearly hit by the fleeing merchants and was forced to take evasive action. ''Arrowhead'' too, retraced the suspected paths of the torpedo. Finding nothing, the corvette dropped four sets of
depth charge A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon. It is intended to destroy a submarine by being dropped into the water nearby and detonating, subjecting the target to a powerful and destructive Shock factor, hydraulic shock. Most depth ...
s. However, the German submarine had already moved on. After 40 minutes of searching ''Arrowhead'' returned to the site of ''Aeas'' sinking and stopped to retrieve survivors. ''Raccoon'' screened the corvette during the operation. After 30 minutes spent recovering the remaining crew of the merchant vessel, ''Arrowhead'' returned to position at the head of convoy and ''Raccoon'' took up position astern of the convoy on the port side. 29 of 31 of ''Aeas'' crew were recovered. By 0100 on 7 September, ''Arrowhead'' had returned to its position at the head of convoy. At 0210, two detonations and a short blast of a whistle were heard throughout the convoy. The escorts believed that it was ''Raccoon'' dropping depth charges on a suspected contact. ''Q-065'' later reported seeing two columns of white water out in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. ''Arrowhead'' turned and sailed to ''Raccoon''s position in the convoy defence but found no trace of the ship in the poor visibility and ''Raccoon'' was not equipped with a radio-telephone. Unable to find the ship, ''Arrowhead'' broke off the search as convoy escort took precedence and returned to its position at the head of the convoy. The convoy sailed on until after daybreak, when the convoy was picked up again by a U-boat, this time ''U-517''. Poor weather that morning prevented a planned air search of the area of ''Raccoon''s disappearance. The corvette was dispatched to perform a sea search. On 7 September, ''Oakton'' which had been one of the merchants that had fled the convoy during the attack on ''Aeas'', was found by an patrolling aircraft travelling along the coast of Gaspé. The aircraft ordered the merchant to rejoin the convoy. Not knowing where the convoy was, ''Q-083'' was sent to escort the merchant back to the convoy. ''U-517'' took nearly the whole day to manoeveure itself into position after picking up transmissions of success against the convoy by ''U-165''. By 15:00, rain had reduced visibility again and air cover was withdrawn. During that time, the minesweeper , escorting the merchant ''Sarnolite'', were ordered to join with the convoy. At 17:15, off Gaspé point, ''U-517'' let the convoy pass over him before firing three torpedoes at three merchants which were sailing close to each other. The torpedoes struck the merchants ''Mount Pindus'', ''Oakton'' and ''Mount Taygetus'' in rapid succession. Within 15 minutes of the torpedoing, all three merchants had sunk. ''Q-083'' recovered 78 survivors in total from the three ships, later landing them in Gaspé. The other escorts, including ''Vegreville'' began dropping depth charges in an effort to prevent ''U-517'' from targeting the last ship of the convoy ''Bencas''. They made no contact with ''U-517''; however, in an effort to draw off the escorts, ''U-517'' launched a ''
pillenwerfer Bold (a term derived from kobold) was a German sonar decoy, used by U-boats during the Second World War from 1942 onwards. It consisted of a metal canister about in diameter filled with calcium hydride. It was launched by an ejector system colloq ...
'', an underwater-launched noise maker meant to hide the U-boat from the asdic operators. ''U-517'' suffered some damage to the outer hull from the depth charge attack, but made its escape. At 16:55 ''Arrowhead'' ordered the Fairmile motor launches to pick up survivors. ''Bencas'' was sent on to Gaspé escorted by ''Truro'' and ''Sarnolite'' by ''Vegreville''. ''Arrowhead'' continued to search for the submarine in the approaches to Gaspé, supported by the Fairmiles and later joined by two aircraft, the minesweeper and corvettes and . ''Arrowhead'' and the Fairmiles returned to Gaspé at 20:30. After the survivors were offloaded, the convoy was supposed to continue on to Sydney. However, the captain of ''Bencas'' refused to sail at night. Early on 8 September ''Sarnolite'' sailed with ''Vegreville'' for Sydney, followed by ''Bencas'' with ''Arrowhead'' and ''Truro'' after dawn. The convoy arrived at Sydney on 10 September.


Aftermath

Beginning on 8 September, Gaspé Command intensified patrols in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Twelve warships combed the waters of the Gaspé Passage until 10 September.
RCAF Eastern Air Command Eastern Air Command was the part of the Royal Canadian Air Force's Home War Establishment responsible for air operations on the Atlantic coast of Canada during the Second World War. It played a critical role in anti-submarine operations in Canadia ...
sent out 46 patrols over the Gulf over the three days.
No. 113 Squadron RCAF No. 113 (Bomber Reconnaissance) Squadron was a Royal Canadian Air Force squadron that was active during the Second World War. It was originally formed as an Army Co-operation squadron and then a fighter squadron before being disbanded in 1939 an ...
dispatched three Hudson light bombers to establish themselves at the training airfield at
Chatham, New Brunswick Chatham is an urban neighbourhood in the city of Miramichi, New Brunswick, Canada. Prior to municipal amalgamation in 1995, Chatham was an incorporated town in Northumberland County along the south bank of the Miramichi River opposite Douglasto ...
. The improved coverage of the Gulf provided immediate results when a Hudson spotted a U-boat south of the eastern tip of
Anticosti Island ; moe, Notiskuan; mic, Natigostec , sobriquet = , image_name = RiviereHuileAnticosti.jpg , image_caption = Salmon fisherman on Rivière à l'Huile , image_map ...
. The Hudson strafed and depth charged the U-boat, causing no damage. The attack on ''U-165'' drove the submarine west, into the St. Lawrence River. Further naval reinforcements were assigned to convoys in the Gulf of St. Lawrence as a result of the attacks. The escort of QS-33 had not proved strong enough, leading the Royal Canadian Navy to order two British s assigned to the
Western Local Escort Force Western Local Escort Force (WLEF) referred to the organization of anti-submarine escorts for World War II trade convoys from North American port cities to the Western Ocean Meeting Point (WOMP or WESTOMP) near Newfoundland where ships of the Mi ...
into the Gulf. They were equipped with improved
radar Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (''ranging''), angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, w ...
and could locate submarines with greater ease. The sailing of QS-34 was delayed to allow for the arrival of the first destroyer. ''Raccoon''s loss was declared on 10 September after all efforts to find and contact the vessel had been exhausted. Public knowledge of the sinking would not happen until 13 September, and even then, the public was not told where ''Raccoon'' had disappeared. Records later showed that ''U-165'' claimed to have sunk ''Raccoon''. Fragments of the ship and one body later washed up on shore. The two German submarines continued to sink ships in the Gulf and St. Lawrence River, sinking the corvette on 11 September and on 15 and 16 September, three merchant vessels were sunk and a further two damaged. These losses and QS-33 contributed to the Canadian government's decision to close the Gulf and St. Lawrence River to overseas shipping. On 9 September, the Canadian government informed their
Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
that all overseas shipping bound for ports on the St. Lawrence River be diverted to
Saint John, New Brunswick Saint John is a seaport city of the Atlantic Ocean located on the Bay of Fundy in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada, established by royal charter on May 18, 1785, during the reign of Ki ...
, Sydney or
Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The ...
. Furthermore, the government intended to shut down the QS series of convoys within two weeks.


Notes


References


Bibliography

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External links


The story of QS-33 at veterans.gc.ca
{{DEFAULTSORT:Convoy QS 33 QS33 Naval battles of World War II involving Canada