Constitution of Colorado
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The Constitution of the State of Colorado is the foundation of the laws and government of the U.S. state of Colorado. The current, and only, Colorado State Constitution was drafted on March 14, 1876; approved by Colorado voters on July 1, 1876; and took effect upon the statehood of Colorado on August 1, 1876. As of 2020, the constitution has been amended at least 166 times. The Constitution of Colorado derives its authority from the
sovereignty of the people Popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political power. Popular sovereignty, being a principle, does not imply any ...
. As such, the people of Colorado reserved specific powers in governing Colorado directly; in addition to providing for voting for Governor, state legislators, and judges, the people of Colorado have reserved
initiative In political science, an initiative (also known as a popular initiative or citizens' initiative) is a means by which a petition signed by a certain number of registered voters can force a government to choose either to enact a law or hold a ...
of laws and
referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...
of laws enacted by the legislature to themselves, provided for
recall Recall may refer to: * Recall (bugle call), a signal to stop * Recall (information retrieval), a statistical measure * ''ReCALL'' (journal), an academic journal about computer-assisted language learning * Recall (memory) * ''Recall'' (Overwatch ...
of office holders, and limit tax increases beyond set amounts without explicit voter approval (via the Taxpayer Bill of Rights), and must explicitly approve any change to the constitution, often with a 55% majority. The Colorado state constitution is one of the longest in the United States.


Chronology of the Colorado Constitution

In June 1858,
Green Russell William Greeneberry "Green" Russell (1818–1877) was an American prospector and miner. Early life Green Russell was born in South Carolina but moved with his family to Georgia as a small child. His father James Russell engaged in gold mining dur ...
found placer gold along the
South Platte River The South Platte River is one of the two principal tributaries of the Platte River. Flowing through the U.S. states of Colorado and Nebraska, it is itself a major river of the American Midwest and the American Southwest/ Mountain West. It ...
in western Kansas Territory, inciting the
Pike's Peak Gold Rush The Pike's Peak Gold Rush (later known as the Colorado Gold Rush) was the boom in gold prospecting and mining in the Pike's Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory of the United States that began in July 1858 ...
. The first election in the gold fields was held for officers of
Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory Arapahoe County was a county of Kansas Territory in the United States that existed from August 25, 1855, until Kansas's admission into the Union on January 29, 1861. History On August 25, 1855, the Kansas Territorial Legislature created Arapahoe C ...
, on March 3. Unfortunately, voters were at the time unaware that the
Kansas Territorial Legislature The Kansas Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Kansas. It is a bicameral assembly, composed of the lower Kansas House of Representatives, with 125 state representatives, and the upper Kansas Senate, with 40 state senators ...
had split Arapahoe County into six new counties four weeks earlier on February 7. The next month, a constitutional convention was held in Denver City which proposed a new " State of Jefferson" to govern the gold fields. The first Jefferson Constitutional Convention meeting in Denver City adopted a proposed "Constitution of the State of Jefferson" on August 1, 1859. This proposed state constitution was a modified version of the second
Constitution of the State of Iowa Iowa () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wiscon ...
that was drafted two years earlier. The next month (September 5), voters of the gold fields reject statehood as premature. On October 3, the second Jefferson Constitutional Convention in Denver City adopted a proposed Constitution of the ''Territory'' of Jefferson. This proposed territorial constitution was a modified version of the rejected state constitution that was drafted two months earlier. By a vote of 2163 to 280, the voters of the gold fields approved the creation of the free
Territory of Jefferson The Territory of Jefferson was an extralegal and unrecognized United States territory that existed from October 24, 1859 until the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861. The Jefferson Territory, named for Founding Father and Un ...
on October 24, 1859. The new territory included portions of the
Territory of Kansas The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the free state of Kansas. ...
, the
Territory of Nebraska The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska ...
, the
Territory of New Mexico The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912. It was created from the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico, as a result of '' Nuevo México'' becomin ...
, the
Territory of Utah The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 4, 1896, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Utah, the 45th state ...
, and the
Territory of Washington The Territory of Washington was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1853, until November 11, 1889, when the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Washington. It was created from the ...
. The
United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
refused to recognize this new citizen-initiated territory because of the precarious balance of power between the free states and the
slave states In the United States before 1865, a slave state was a state in which slavery and the internal or domestic slave trade were legal, while a free state was one in which they were not. Between 1812 and 1850, it was considered by the slave states ...
in the US. However, the Jefferson Territorial government effectively governed the region until 1861 with little interference from the federal government. The next year, on October 10, 1860, Denver City voters approved the Constitution of the "People's Government of Denver", which operated as an independent municipal government. On January 29, 1861, " An Act Admitting the State of Kansas to the Union" was signed into law by President James Buchanan. The act included only the eastern two-thirds of the
Territory of Kansas The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the free state of Kansas. ...
in the boundaries of the new state, which left the western portion of the Kansas Territory (claimed by the
Territory of Jefferson The Territory of Jefferson was an extralegal and unrecognized United States territory that existed from October 24, 1859 until the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861. The Jefferson Territory, named for Founding Father and Un ...
) formally unorganized. The next month, Buchanan signed the Organic Act for the
Territory of Colorado The Territory of Colorado was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from February 28, 1861, until August 1, 1876, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Colorado. The territory was organized in the ...
. This new territory occupied most of the extralegal territory of Jefferson, but was 41% less extensive. The Jefferson Territory formally disbanded on June 6, 1861 in favor of the government of the Territory of Colorado. The
American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states ...
started in April 1861, shortly after
Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...
became the president of the US in March. During the war, the Colorado territory's population remained generally supportive of the
Union Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...
. Lincoln signed " An Enabling Act for the State of Colorado" on March 21, 1864, which allowed the citizens of the territory to organize a state, contingent on later congressional recognition. Three months later, on July 11, 1864, the first Colorado Constitutional Convention in Denver City adopted the first proposed "Constitution of the State of Colorado." This proposed constitution was inspired by the
Wyandotte Constitution The Wyandotte Constitution is the constitution of the U.S. state of Kansas. Background The Kansas Territory was created in 1854. The largest issue by far in territorial Kansas was whether slavery was to be permitted or prohibited; aside from the m ...
of the
State of Kansas Kansas () is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita. Kansas is a landlocked state bordered by Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the we ...
drafted in 1859. However, on October 11, Colorado voters rejected this particular formulation by a vote of 1520 to 4672, primarily because it included a pre-selected slate of candidates for state and national office. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, and the civil war ended in May. The second Colorado Constitutional Convention adopted their proposed "Constitution of the State of Colorado" on August 12 of that year. Colorado voters approved this constitution on September 1. However, President Andrew Johnson refused to declare the statehood of Colorado, in part because he feared it would lead to a
Republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
majority in the US Congress. This action frustrated congress, who subsequently approved a new "Colorado Statehood Bill," which Johnson vetoed May 15, 1866. Congress subsequently approved a second Colorado Statehood Bill, which was also vetoed in January 1867.
Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Ar ...
became the President of the United States in March 1869. During Grant's time in office, Congress tried and failed to pass a third, fourth, and fifth Colorado Statehood Bill in 1869, 1871, and 1873 respectively. Then in December 1873, Grant endorsed a second enabling act for Colorado's statehood during his address to congress. The second "Enabling Act for the State of Colorado" was then enacted and signed into law by Grant on March 3, 1875. Colorado voters elected delegates to the third Colorado Constitutional Convention on October 10, 1875. This convention in Denver adopted their third proposed "Constitution of the State of Colorado" on March 14, 1876. This proposed state constitution was inspired by the third
Constitution of the State of Illinois The Constitution of the State of Illinois is the governing document of the state of Illinois. There have been four Illinois Constitutions; the fourth and current version was adopted in 1970. The current constitution is referred to as the "Constit ...
(1870), the fourth
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania The Constitution of Pennsylvania is the supreme law within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. All acts of the General Assembly, the governor, and each governmental agency are subordinate to it. Since 1776, Pennsylvania's Constitution has undergone ...
(1873), and the third
Constitution of the State of Missouri The government of the U.S. state of Missouri is organized into the state government and local government, including county government, and city and municipal government. State government Constitution The fourth and last Constitution of Missouri ...
(1875). This constitution was at the time (and remains to this day) one of the lengthiest of the state constitutions in the United States. Colorado voters approved this constitution on July 1, 1876, three days before the Centennial of the United States. President Grant then proclaimed that the Territory of Colorado had been accepted into the US as the State of Colorado on August 1, with its 1876 constitution. The state was immediately nicknamed the "Centennial State." When it was adopted in 1876, the constitution included a "Schedule" at the end, which laid out specific provisions for the transition of Colorado from its territorial government to its statehood. From 1876 to 2007, the Constitution of the State of Colorado had been amended 152 times. In 2012, voters approved recreational use of marijuana via constitutional amendment. In 2018, voters approved a new set of amendments related to
congressional apportionment United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution. ...
at state and federal levels intended to reduce
gerrymandering In representative democracies, gerrymandering (, originally ) is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent to create undue advantage for a party, group, or socioeconomic class within the constituency. The m ...
.


Amendments

There are presently three ways to amend the Colorado state constitution. First, an initiative may be proposed directly by the people of Colorado, achieve a required number of signatures on a petition, and then be voted on in a state-wide referendum, in which must achieve a 55% majority in order to be adopted. Second, the state assembly may draft an amendment, approve it by a two-thirds majority vote in each house, and then send it to the voters, who must again approve it with a 55% majority in a state-wide referendum. In either of these methods, if the amendment is limited only to repealing a part of the constitution, it only needs a simple majority approval in state-wide referendum. Third, the state assembly may call a constitutional convention (political meeting) by a two-thirds majority vote in each house and simple majority approval of voters in a state-wide referendum, with members then determined by state-wide election using state senate districts, who would submit alterations to the voters to approve as a slate via simple majority. Despite these relatively high bars to passing any given amendment, at least 166 amendments to the constitution have been passed since its initial adoption in 1876. Prior to 2016, constitutional amendments needed to only achieve a 50% majority upon state-wide referendum. The constitution's Article II, The Bill of Rights, contains two provisions added via amendment related to sexual orientation that were found to violate the US Constitution. The first of these, Section 30b, was passed in 1992 and prohibited legislative or administrative bodies in Colorado from declaring sexual orientation a basis of protected status; this was found unconstitutional in
Romer v. Evans ''Romer v. Evans'', 517 U.S. 620 (1996), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with sexual orientation and state laws.. It was the first Supreme Court case to address gay rights since ''Bowers v. Hardwick'' (1986),. when the C ...
and so is not in force. The second of these provisions, Section 31, passed as 2006 Colorado Amendment 43, effectively banned same-sex marriage. This provision was affected by three different federal cases:
Kitchen v. Herbert ''Kitchen v. Herbert'', 961 F.Supp.2d 1181 (D. Utah 2013), ''affirmed'', 755 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2014); ''stay granted'', 134 S.Ct. 893 (2014); ''petition for certiorari denied'', No. 14-124, 2014 WL 3841263 (Oct. 6, 2014), is the federal cas ...
(2014), Bishop v. Smith (2014), and
Obergefell v. Hodges ''Obergefell v. Hodges'', ( ), is a landmark LGBT rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protect ...
(2015). The last of these cases guaranteed the right to same-sex marriage in every state in the US, effectively nullifying this section. However, these two sections remain in the text of the present Colorado constitution, and have not been repealed. In 1992, voters approved an amendment creating Article X, Section 20, which established the Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR). This law is a constitutional provision which intentionally limits tax increases every year, making it impossible for the Colorado legislature or other bodies to raise taxes in Colorado beyond set annual increases without explicit voter approval via referendum. There have been at least two amendments related to congressional term limits. The first of these amendments (Article XVIII, Section 12, "Amendment 12") was made effective in December 1996 and attempted to direct Colorado's representatives to the US Congress to propose and vote for an amendment to the US constitution in support of congressional term limits. This amendment was found unconstitutional in the 1998 Colorado Supreme Court case ''Morrissey v. State'', on the grounds that a state's voters could not compel their representatives to vote or act in a legislature in any particular way, as doing so would be contrary to the republican form of government guaranteed by the
Guarantee Clause The Guarantee Clause, also known as the Republican Form of Government Clause, is in Article IV, Section 4 of the United States Constitution, and requires the United States to guarantee every state a republican form of government and provide protec ...
of the US Constitution. Amendment 12 was subsequently repealed in 2002, though it had not been in effect for four years. The second congressional term limit amendment (Article XVIII, Section 12a, "Amendment 18") was much reduced in scope, and instead opted to allow candidates for US Congress to sign a pledge to honor term limits to 3 terms in the US House of Representatives and 2 terms in the US Senate, with information about a candidate's pledge status appearing on the ballot next to their name. This amendment took effect on December 30, 1998. In 2006, the constitution was amended to allow and regulate
medical marijuana Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana (MMJ), is cannabis and cannabinoids that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. The use of cannabis as medicine has not been rigorously tested due to production and governmental restrictions ...
( "Amendment 20"). Eight years later, another amendment legalized marijuana possession and use generally ( "Amendment 64"). Both of these amendments are presently contained in Article XIX of the constitution, "Miscellany." Also in 2006, "Amendment 41" was passed, creating an independent ethics commission for state officers with the intent of regulating gifts and lobbying.


Notable adopted amendments

* 1972 Denver Winter Olympics referendum, rejected hosting the
1976 Winter Olympics The 1976 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XII Olympic Winter Games (german: XII. Olympische Winterspiele, french: XIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Innsbruck 1976 ( bar, Innschbruck 1976, label= Austro-Bavarian), was a ...
in Denver (removed from constitution in 1989 and 91) * 1974 Poundstone Amendment, regulated county annexations * 1982 Gallagher Amendment, set forth a formula for determining property values (repealed in 2020) * 1992 Colorado Amendment 1, " Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR)", a restriction on tax increases without voter approval * 1992 Colorado Amendment 2, prohibited protected status on the basis of sexual orientation (overturned in ''
Romer v. Evans ''Romer v. Evans'', 517 U.S. 620 (1996), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with sexual orientation and state laws.. It was the first Supreme Court case to address gay rights since ''Bowers v. Hardwick'' (1986),. when the C ...
'') * 1996 Colorado Amendment 12, attempted to compel Colorado representatives to the US Congress to support a constitutional amendment requiring term limits (found unconstitutional in ''Morrissey v. State'' (1998)) * 1998 Colorado Amendment 18, requires candidates for US congress to either pledge to voluntarily term-limit themselves or sign a form stating that they refused to sign such a pledge * 2006 Colorado Amendment 20, legalization of
medical marijuana Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana (MMJ), is cannabis and cannabinoids that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. The use of cannabis as medicine has not been rigorously tested due to production and governmental restrictions ...
* 2006 Colorado Amendment 41, established ethics commission for public officials * 2006 Colorado Amendment 42, raised the state minimum wage to $6.85 per hour with set increases, superseded by Amendment 70 (2016) * 2006 Colorado Amendment 43, banned same-sex marriage (overturned in ''
Kitchen v. Herbert ''Kitchen v. Herbert'', 961 F.Supp.2d 1181 (D. Utah 2013), ''affirmed'', 755 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2014); ''stay granted'', 134 S.Ct. 893 (2014); ''petition for certiorari denied'', No. 14-124, 2014 WL 3841263 (Oct. 6, 2014), is the federal cas ...
'' and ''
Obergefell v. Hodges ''Obergefell v. Hodges'', ( ), is a landmark LGBT rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protect ...
'') * 2008 Colorado Amendment 50, expansion of commercial gambling in Colorado * 2008 Colorado Amendment 54,
campaign finance Campaign finance, also known as election finance or political donations, refers to the funds raised to promote candidates, political parties, or policy initiatives and referendums. Political parties, charitable organizations, and political a ...
reform (found unconstitutional in '' Dallman v. Ritter'' (2010)) *
2012 Colorado Amendment 64 Colorado Amendment 64 was a successful popular initiative ballot measure to amend the Constitution of the State of Colorado, outlining a statewide drug policy for cannabis. The measure passed on November 6, 2012, and along with a similar meas ...
, legalized marijuana for personal use * 2016 Colorado Amendment 71, changed the signature requirement for ballot initiatives and increased the amendment approval threshold from a 50% to 55% majority * 2018 Colorado Amendment A, prohibited slavery in all circumstances, hypothetically outlawing forced penal labor * 2018 Colorado Amendment Y, established a redistricting scheme for Colorado's US Congress districts * 2018 Colorado Amendment Z, established a parallel redistricting scheme for the Colorado legislative assembly * 2020 Colorado Amendment 76, restricted voting to "only citizens" * 2020 Colorado Amendment 77, removed single-bet limits in Casinos * 2020 Colorado Amendment B, repealed the Gallagher Amendment


Notable proposed amendments that were not adopted

*
2004 Colorado Amendment 36 Colorado Amendment 36 was an initiated constitutional amendment on the ballot on November 2, 2004. It would have changed the way in which the state apportioned its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all of the state's electors to the candidate ...
, proposed proportional split of electoral college votes * 2006 Colorado Amendment 38, proposed expansion of
ballot measures A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of ...
*
2008 Colorado Amendment 46 Amendment 46, also known as the "Colorado Civil Rights Initiative, was a proposed initiative on the Colorado ballot for 2008. If ratified, Article II of the Colorado Constitution would have stated: The State shall not discriminate against, or gr ...
, proposed state affirmative action provision * 2008 Colorado Amendment 47, proposed right-to-work provision * 2008 Colorado Amendment 48, proposed anti-abortion provision that would grant legal personhood to fertilized embryos * 2008 Colorado Amendment 49, proposed prohibition of state employee paycheck deductions * 2008 Colorado Amendment 52, proposed
severance tax Severance taxes are taxes imposed on the removal of natural resources within a taxing jurisdiction. Severance taxes are most commonly imposed in oil producing states within the United States. Resources that typically incur severance taxes when e ...
allocation * 2008 Colorado Amendment 58, proposed
severance tax Severance taxes are taxes imposed on the removal of natural resources within a taxing jurisdiction. Severance taxes are most commonly imposed in oil producing states within the United States. Resources that typically incur severance taxes when e ...
allocation *
2008 Colorado Amendment 59 Initiative 126 or the Savings Account for Education Initiative appeared on the ballot as Amendment 59. The measure would have created a savings account in the state education fund funded by 10 percent of the monies deposited into the fund, includi ...
, proposed restructuring of taxes relating to education *
2010 Colorado Amendment 62 Colorado Amendment 62 was an initiated constitutional amendment that appeared on the November 2, 2010 ballot defining personhood as “every human being from the beginning of the biological development of that human being.” It sought to ban abo ...
, proposed personhood amendment similar to Amendment 48 * 2016 Colorado Amendment 69, proposed creation of a state single-payer healthcare system * 2020 Colorado Amendment C, proposed change in Bingo license regulations


Outline of the Colorado Constitution

* Preamble # Article I: Boundaries # Article II: Bill of Rights # Article III: Distribution of powers # Article IV: Executive Department # Article V: Legislative Department # Article VI: Judicial Department # Article VII: Suffrage and Elections # Article VIII: State Institutions # Article IX: Education # Article X: Revenue # Article XI: Public Indebtedness # Article XII: Officers # Article XIII: Impeachments # Article XIV: Counties # Article XV: Corporations # Article XVI: Mining and Irrigation # Article XVII: Militia # Article XVIII: Miscellaneous # Article XIX: Amendments # Article XX: Home Rule Cities and Towns # Article XXI: Recall from Office # Article XXII: Intoxicating Liquors (Repealed) # Article XXIII: Publication of Legal Advertising (Repealed) # Article XXIV: Old Age Pensions # Article XXV: Public Utilities # Article XXVI: Nuclear Detonations # Article XXVII: Great Outdoors Colorado Program # Article XXVIII: Campaign and Political Finance # Article XXIX: Ethics in Government * Schedule * Attestation


See also

*
Law of Colorado The law of Colorado consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory, local, and case law. The '' Colorado Revised Statutes'' form the general statutory law. Sources The Constitution of Colorado is the foremost source ...
*
Government of Colorado The Government of Colorado is the governmental structure as established by the Constitution of the State of Colorado. It is composed of three branches: the executive branch headed by the Governor, the legislative branch consisting of the General A ...


References


Further reading

* * * * * * *


External links


State of Colorado



Original 1876 Constitution of the State of Colorado

Constitution of the State of Colorado as Currently Amended


** ttp://www.leg.state.co.us/lcs/ballothistory.nsf/ Directory of all ballot measures in Colorado history, including constitutional amendments approved by voters
Colorado Ballot Proposal InformationThe Colorado State Constitution: A Reference Guide
{{DEFAULTSORT:Constitution Of The State Of Colorado
Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the wes ...
Colorado law Government of Colorado 1876 establishments in Colorado 1876 in law 1876 in Colorado