''Consolida'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of about 40

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year ** Yearbook ** Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 species), ''Delphinium' ...

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia.

Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within the genus ''

Delphinium ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linn ...

'' and it has been treated as a synonym of ''Delphinium'' in Kew's

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

. ''Consolida'' differs from other species of ''Delphinium'' (mostly perennials) in the

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanis ...

structure, with only one united petal, rather than the four separate petals (or more in cultivars) found in other delphiniums, and in the

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in partic ...

, which comprises a single follicle, instead of a cluster of 3~5 together. It is a popular garden plant and

cut flower Cut may refer to: Common uses * The act of cutting, the separation of an object into two through acutely-directed force ** A type of wound ** Cut (archaeology), a hole dug in the past ** Cut (clothing), the style or shape of a garment ** Cut ( ...

, grown from seed every year, with numerous

cultivars A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...

in shades of pink, blue, purple and white. In seed catalogues it is usually labelled as larkspur, a common name referring to the shape of the spurred

calyx Calyx or calyce (plural "calyces"), from the Latin ''calix'' which itself comes from the Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ'' (''kálux'') meaning "husk" or "pod", may refer to: Biology * Calyx (anatomy), collective name for several cup-like structures ...

, with "delphinium" reserved for its perennial relatives.

Species

There are more than 50 species in ''Consolida'': *''

Consolida aconiti ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium aconiti'') *'' Consolida ajacis'' (syn. ''Consolida ambigua''; ''Consolida baluchistanica''; ''Delphinium ajacis'') — rocket larkspur: Europe, Cyprus, Turkey *'' Consolida anthoroidea'' (syn. ''Delphinium anthoroideum'') *'' Consolida arenaria'' (syn. ''Delphinium arenarium'') *'' Consolida armeniaca'' (syn. ''Delphinium armeniacum'') *''

Consolida aucheri ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium aucheri'') *''

Consolida axilliflora ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium axilliflorum'') *''

Consolida barbata ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium barbatum'') *''

Consolida brevicornis ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium brevicorne'') *''

Consolida camptocarpa ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium camptocarpum'') — Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan *''

Consolida coelesyriaca ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium coelesyriacum'') *''

Consolida cornuta ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium cornutum'') *''

Consolida cruciata ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium cruciatum'') *''

Consolida deserti-syriaci ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium deserti-syriaci'') *''

Consolida flava ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium flavum'') *''

Consolida glandulosa ''Consolida'' is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within t ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium glandulosum'') *'' Consolida gombaultii'' (syn. ''Delphinium gombaultii'') *'' Consolida hellespontica'' (syn. ''Delphinium hellesponticum'') *'' Consolida hohenackeri'' (syn. ''Delphinium hohenackeri'') *'' Consolida incana'' (syn. ''Delphinium incanum'') *'' Consolida kabuliana'' (syn. ''Delphinium kabulianum'') *'' Consolida kandaharica'' (syn. ''Delphinium kandaharicum'') *'' Consolida leptocarpa'' (syn. ''Delphinium leptocarpum'') *'' Consolida linarioides'' (syn. ''Delphinium linarioides'') *'' Consolida lineolata'' (syn. ''Delphinium lineolatum'') *'' Consolida lorestanica'' (syn. ''Delphinium lorestanicum'') *'' Consolida mauritanica'' (syn. ''Delphinium mauritanicum'') *'' Consolida oligantha'' (syn. ''Delphinium oliganthum'') *'' Consolida oliveriana'' (syn. ''Delphinium oliverianum'') — Iran, Iraq, Turkey *'' Consolida olopetala'' (syn. ''Delphinium olopetalum'') *'' Consolida orientalis'' (syn. ''Delphinium hispanicum'') — eastern larkspur:

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

, Europe *'' Consolida persica'' (syn. ''Consolida halophila''; ''Delphinium persicum'') *'' Consolida phrygia'' (syn. ''Delphinium phrygium'') *'' Consolida pubescens'' (syn. ''Delphinium pubescens'') — North Africa, Europe *'' Consolida pusilla'' (syn. ''Consolida pygmaea''; ''Delphinium pusillum'') *'' Consolida raveyi'' (syn. ''Delphinium raveyi'') *''

Consolida regalis ''Consolida regalis'', known as forking larkspur, rocket-larkspur, and field larkspur, is an Annual plant, annual herbaceous plant belonging to the genus ''Consolida'' of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Distribution ''Consolida regalis'' ...

'' (syn. ''Delphinium consolida'') — field larkspur: Western Asia, Europe **''C. r.'' subsp. ''divaricata'' (syn. ''Consolida divaricata'') **''C. r.'' subsp. ''paniculata'' **''C. r.'' subsp. ''regalis'' *'' Consolida rugulosa'' (syn. ''Delphinium rugulosum'') —

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes A ...

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

*'' Consolida saccata'' (syn. ''Delphinium saccatum'') *'' Consolida samia'' (syn. ''Delphinium samium'') *'' Consolida schlagintweitii'' (syn. ''Delphinium schlagintweitii'') *'' Consolida scleroclada'' (syn. ''Delphinium sclerocladum'') *'' Consolida staminosa'' (syn. ''Delphinium staminosum'') *'' Consolida stapfiana'' (syn. ''Delphinium stapfianum'') *'' Consolida stenocarpa'' (syn. ''Delphinium stenocarpum'') *'' Consolida stocksiana'' (syn. ''Delphinium stocksianum'') *'' Consolida sulphurea'' (syn. ''Delphinium sulphureum'') — Turkey *'' Consolida teheranica'' (syn. ''Delphinium teheranicum'') *'' Consolida tenuissima'' (syn. ''Delphinium tenuissimum'') *'' Consolida thirkeana'' (syn. ''Delphinium thirkeanum'') *'' Consolida tomentosa'' (syn. ''Delphinium tomentosum'') *'' Consolida trigonelloides'' (syn. ''Delphinium trigonelloides'') *'' Consolida tuntasiana'' (syn. ''Delphinium tuntasianum'') *'' Consolida uechtritziana'' (syn. ''Delphinium uechtritzianum'')

Toxicity

All parts of the plant are toxic to humans, especially the seeds.

References

Jepson Manual Treatment
Delphinieae Ranunculaceae genera {{Ranunculales-stub