Conidae, with the current

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

of " cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is est ...

s in the superfamily

Conoidea Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered ...

. The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, groups only cone snails in the family Conidae. Some previous classifications grouped the cone snails in a subfamily, Coninae. As of March 2015 Conidae contained over 800 recognized species. Working in 18th-century Europe,

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...

knew of only 30 species that are still considered valid. The snails within this family are sophisticated predatory animals. They hunt and immobilize prey using a modified

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

r tooth along with a venom gland containing

neurotoxin Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nerv ...

s; the tooth is launched out of the snail's mouth in a

harpoon A harpoon is a long spear-like instrument and tool used in fishing, whaling, sealing, and other marine hunting to catch and injure large fish or marine mammals such as seals and whales. It accomplishes this task by impaling the target ani ...

-like action. Because all cone snails are venomous and capable of "stinging" humans, live ones should be handled with great care or preferably not at all.

Current taxonomy

In the ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'', in 2014, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus ''

Conus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

''. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all living cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing the following genera: * ''

Californiconus ''Californiconus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The experts at WoRMS place this group of species in the family Conidae, the cone snails, but some other experts placed previously the genus in a proposed family, the Conil ...

'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''

Conasprella ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphi ...

'' Thiele, 1929 * † ''

Conilithes ''Conilithes'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Lutetian (Eocene) of France, the United Kingdom and New Zealand to the Piacen ...

'' Swainson, 1840 * † '' Contraconus'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953 * ''

'' Linnaeus, 1758 * † '' Eoconus'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * † ''

Hemiconus ''Hemiconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the family Conidae the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily ...

'' Cossmann, 1889 * † '' Herndliconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015 * '' Kenyonia'' Brazier, 1896 * '' Lilliconus'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 * '' Malagasyconus'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 * † '' Papilliconus'' Tracey & Craig, 2017 * '' Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956 * '' Pseudolilliconus'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * '' Pygmaeconus'' Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 * † '' Tequestaconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015 † The authors grouped 85% of all known cone snail species under ''Conus''. They recognized 57 subgenera within ''Conus'', and 11 subgenera within the genus ''Conasprella''.

History of the taxonomy

Overview

Prior to 1993, the family Conidae contained only ''Conus'' species. In 1993 significant taxonomic changes were proposed by Taylor, et al.,:Taylor J. D., Kantor Y. I. & Sysoev A. V. (1993). "Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of Conoidea (Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda)." Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 59: 125–169. the family Conidae was redefined as several subfamilies. The subfamilies included many subfamilies that had previously been classified in the family

Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

, and the ''Conus'' species were moved to the subfamily

Coninae Coninae, or as it is more recently (February 2015) represented as a family, Conidae, common names the cone snails, cone shells or cones, is a taxonomic group of small to large predatory sea snails with cone-shaped shells, marine gastropod mollus ...

. In further taxonomic changes that took place in 2009 and 2011, based upon molecular phylogeny (see below), the subfamilies that were previously in the family

were elevated to the status of families in their own right. This left the family Conidae once again containing only those species that were traditionally placed in that family: the cone snail species.

1993, Taylor et al., Bouchet & Rocroi

According to Taylor, et al. (1993), and the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this family consisted of seven subfamilies. *

Fleming, 1822 — synonyms: Conulinae Rafinesque, 1815 (inv.); Textiliinae da Motta, 1995 (n.a.) * Clathurellinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 — synonyms: Defranciinae Gray, 1853 (inv.); Borsoniinae A. Bellardi, 1875; Pseudotominae A. Bellardi, 1888; Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888; Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904; Mitromorphinae Casey, 1904; Lorinae Thiele, 1925 *

Conorbiinae Conorbiinae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 ...

de Gregorio, 1880—synonym: Cryptoconinae Cossmann, 1896 *

Mangeliinae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World ...

P. Fischer, 1883—synonym: Cytharinae Thiele, 1929 * Oenopotinae Bogdanov, 1987—synonym: Lorinae Thiele, 1925 sensu Thiele *

Raphitominae Raphitominae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, Kantor ''et al''. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the famil ...

A. Bellardi, 1875—synonyms: Daphnellinae Casey, 1904; Taraninae Casey, 1904; Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942; Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968; Andoniinae Vera-Pelaez, 2002 * † Siphopsinae Le Renard, 1995

2009, Tucker & Tenorio

In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) was based upon a cladistical analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the morphology (i.e., shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp., at p. 133 In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre ''et al.'' and others.P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), ''The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), ''Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific?'' Evolution 62:1618-1634.R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), ''Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands'' Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), ''Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus'', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), ''Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock'', Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), ''Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)'', Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439. This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of Conoidean gastropods (that do ''not'' resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the turrid snails (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails, and creates a number of new families. Tucker and Tenorio’s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods ) is shown in

Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009 The taxonomy of the cone snails and their allies as proposed by John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio in 2009 was a biological classification system for a large group of predatory sea snails. This system was an attempt to make taxonomic sense of t ...

2011, Bouchet et al.

In 2011 Bouchet et al. proposed a new classification in which several subfamilies were raised to the rank of family: * Clathurellinae was split into three families:

Borsoniidae Borsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Borsoniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

(also including species from

), Mitromorphidae and Clathurellidae (all previously lumped under the

). * Conorbiinae was raised to the rank of family

Conorbidae Conorbidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim ...

, consisting of three genera: ''

Artemidiconus ''Artemidiconus'' is a monospecific genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conorbidae.Bouchet, P. (2011). Artemidiconus da Motta, 1991. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org ...

'' da Motta, 1991, '' Benthofascis'' Iredale, 1936, and '' Conorbis'' Swainson, 1840. * Mangeliinae and Oenopotinae were combined and raised to the rank of family

Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World R ...

, which had previously been lumped in the

). *

was raised to the rank of family

Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 ...

(also previously lumped in the

). The classification by Bouchet et al. (2011) was based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA testing, and built on the prior work by J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), but did not include fossil taxa. Molecular phylogeny, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing (testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn), is continuing on the Conidae.N. Puillandre, S. Samadi, M. Boesselier, A. Sysoev, Y. Kantor, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, & P. Bouchett (2008), ''Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the "turrid" (Neogastropoda: Conoidea),'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47:1122-1134.Tucker, J. K. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2010) ''A second species of Pseudoconorbis (Gastropoda: Conoidea) from India. Miscellanea Malacologica'' 4(3):31-34.Tucker, J. K., Tenorio, M. J. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2011) ''The genus Benthofascis (Gastropoda: Conoidea): a revision with descriptions of new species.'' Zootaxa 2796:1-14.Tucker, J. K. & Tenorio, M. J. (2011) ''New species of Gradiconus and Kohniconus from the western Atlantic (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Conidae, Conilithidae).''

Miscellanea Malacologica ''Miscellanea Malacologica'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering malacology, specifically papers on the taxonomy, nomenclature, and zoogeography of mollusks. The journal is published by Marien Faber (Duivendrecht, the Netherlands) and ...

5(1):1-16.Petuch, E. J. & Sargent, D. M. (2011) ''New species of Conidae and Conilithidae (Gastropoda) from the tropical Americas and Philippines. With notes on some poorly-known Floridian species.'' Visaya 3(3):116-137.Petuch & Drolshage (2011) ''Compendium of Florida Fossil Shells, Volume 1'' MDM Publications, Wellington, Florida, 432 pp.C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), ''A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa'', Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135

2009, 2011, list of genera from Tucker & Tenorio, and Bouchet et al

This is a list of what were recognized extant genera within Conidae as per J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011): However, all these genera have become synonyms of subgenera within the genus ''Conus'' as per the revision of the taxonomy of the Conidae in 2015 * '' Afonsoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Afonsoconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Africonus'' Petuch, 1975: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Arubaconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Atlanticonus'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012: synonym of ''Conus (Atlanticonus)'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Attenuiconus ''Conus'' (''Attenuiconus'') is a taxon of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae. Although formerly described as a distinct subgenus, it is currently considered as an alternative representat ...

'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Attenuiconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Austroconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conus (Austroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Bathyconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' Thiele, 1929, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Bermudaconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Bermudaconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Boucheticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Boucheticonus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Brasiliconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Calamiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Calibanus ''Calibanus'' is a genus of two species of flowering plants, both evergreen succulents from dry areas of northeastern Mexico. The APG III classification system places it in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cariboconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * '' Chelyconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Chelyconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cleobula'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of '' Dendroconus'' Swainson, 1840 * ''Coltroconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Coltroconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929: accepted name * '' Conasprelloides'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * † ''

'' Swainson, 1840 * ''

Continuconus ''Continuconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Continuconus. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed throug ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 *''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758: accepted name * ''Cornutoconus'' Suzuki, 1972: synonym of '' Taranteconus'' Azuma, 1972 * ''Coronaxis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cucullus'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Cylinder A cylinder (from ) has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base. A cylinder may also be defined as an ...

'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cylindrella'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cylindrus'' Batsch, 1789: synonym of ''Cylinder'' Montfort, 1810synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Dalliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Dalliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Darioconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Dauciconus'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Dendroconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Dendroconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Ductoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Duodenticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Conasprella)'' Thiele, 1929 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Dyraspis'' Iredale, 1949: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Elisaconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Elisaconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Embrikena'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Conus (Embrikena)'' Iredale, 1937 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Endemoconus ''Endemoconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Endemoconus Iredale, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine S ...

'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Eremiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Eremiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Erythroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Eugeniconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Eugeniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Floraconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Fraterconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Fraterconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Fulgiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus ''(Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Fumiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Fusiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Gastridium ''Gastridium'' is a genus of plants in the grass family. Species of the genus are found in Africa and Eurasia. These grasses are sometimes called nit grass. ; Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Gastridium'': * '' Gastrid ...

'' Modeer, 1793: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Genuanoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Gladioconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Globiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Gradiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Graphiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Harmoniconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Harmoniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Hermes Hermes (; grc-gre, Ἑρμῆς) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology. Hermes is considered the herald of the gods. He is also considered the protector of human heralds, travellers, thieves, merchants, and orat ...

'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Heroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Isoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Jaspidiconus'' Petuch, 2004: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Kalloconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Kellyconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Kellyconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Kenyonia'' Brazier, 1896: genus incertae sedis * ''Kermasprella'' Powell, 1958: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Ketyconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Kioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Klemaeconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Klemaeconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Kohniconus ''Kohniconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family (biology), family Conilithidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Kohniconus Tucker & Tenorio, ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Kohniconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Kurodaconus ''Kurodaconus'' is a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968,n represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the ...

'' Shikama & Habe, 1968: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lamniconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lamniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lautoconus'' Monterosato, 1923: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Leporiconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Leporiconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Leptoconus ''Leptoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puil ...

'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lilliconus'' Raybaudi Massilia, 1994: synonym of ''Conasprella (Lilliconus)'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Lindaconus'' Petuch, 2002: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lithoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Lithoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lividoconus'' Wils, 1970: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Lizaconus'' da Motta, 1991synonym of '' Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956 * ''Magelliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Malagasyconus'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 * ''Mamiconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Endemoconus'' Iredale, 1931synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Miliariconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Mitraconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Monteiroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Nataliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Nimboconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Nitidoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Ongoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Papyriconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Papyriconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Parviconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Conasprella (Parviconus)'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Perplexiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Phasmoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pionoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Plicaustraconus'' Moolenbeek, 2008: synonym of ''Conus (Plicaustraconus)'' Moolenbeek, 2008 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Poremskiconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956: accepted name *''Protoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of '' Tenorioconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011 *'' Protostrioconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pseudoconorbis'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Pseudohermes'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pseudolilliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudolilliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pseudonoduloconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudonoduloconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pseudopterygia'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudopterygia)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Puncticulis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Puncticulis)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Purpuriconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Pygmaeconus'' Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 *'' Pyruconus'' Olsson, 1967: synonym of ''Conus (Pyruconus)'' Olsson, 1967 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Quasiconus ''Quasiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Quasiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Quasiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Regiconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Rhizoconus ''Rhizoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Rhizoconus'' Mörch, 1852. Accessed thr ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Rhizoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Rhombiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rhombus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of '' Rhombiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Rolaniconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rollus'' Montfort, 1810 :synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rubroconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Rubroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Sandericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Sandericonus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Sciteconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Sciteconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Seminoleconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Socioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Splinoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Spuriconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Stellaconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Stephanoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Strategoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Strioconus'' Thiele, 1929: synonym of '' Pionoconus'' Mörch, 1852, synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Sulciconus'' Bielz, 1869: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869, synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Taranteconus'' Azuma, 1972: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Tenorioconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tesselliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Tesselliconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Textilia'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Textilia)'' Swainson, 1840 represented ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Thalassiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Calibanus'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Theliconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of

Montfort, 1810, synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Thoraconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of '' Fulgiconus'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus'') Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Trovaoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tuckericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tuliparia'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Turriconus'' Shikama & Habe, 1968, synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Utriculus'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Varioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Viminiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Virgiconus'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Virroconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Vituliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Ximeniconus'' Emerson & Old, 1962: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Yeddoconus ''Yeddoconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Yeddoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929

1993 to 2011 list of genera

Following Taylor et al., from 1993 to 2011, the family Conidae was defined as including not only the cone snails, but also a large number of other genera which are commonly known as "turrids". However, as a result of molecular phylogeny studies in 2011, many of those genera were moved back to the

, or were placed in new "turrid" families within the superfamily

. The following list of genera that used to be included in Conidae is retained as a historical reference: * '' Abyssobela'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986 * '' Acamptodaphne'' Shuto, 1971 * '' Agathotoma'' Cossman, 1899 * '' Aliceia'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897 * '' Antimitra'' Iredale, 1917 * '' Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Asprella'' (considered a synonym of ''Conus'' by some authors) * '' Austrodaphnella'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Bactrocythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * '' Bathytoma'' Harris & Burrows 1891 * '' Bela'' Gray, 1847 * '' Belaturricula'' Powell, 1951 * '' Benthomangelia'' Thiele, 1925 * '' Borsonella'' Dall, 1908 * '' Brachycythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * '' Cenodagreutes'' E.H. Smith, 1967 * ''Chelyconus'' (synonym of'' Conus'') * '' Clathromangelia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''

Clathurella ''Clathurella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Clathurellidae. Description The shell is fusiform or turriculated. The Columella (gastropod), columella lip has no callosity, exce ...

'' Carpenter, 1857 * ''Cleobula'' (synonym of'' Conus'') * '' Clinura'' Bellardi, 1875 * '' Clinuropsis'' Vincent, 1913 * '' Columbarium'' Martens, 1881 * ''Conasprella'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Conopleura ''Conopleura'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purp ...

'' Hinds, 1844 * '' Conorbis'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Conospirus'' Gregorio, 1890 * ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Crockerella'' Hertlein & Strong 1951 * '' Cryoturris'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Cryptodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * '' Curtitoma'' Bartsch, 1941 * '' Daphnella'' Hinds 1844 * '' Daphnellopsis'' Schepman, 1913 * ''Darioconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Dauciconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Dendroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Diaugasma'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Drilliola'' Locard, 1897 * ''Endemoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Eubela'' Dall, 1889 * '' Eucyclotoma'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Euryentmema'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Exomilus'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Fehria'' van Aartsen, 1988 * '' Fusidaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Glyphostoma'' Gabb, 1872 * '' Glyphostomops'' Bartsch, 1934 * '' Glyphoturris'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Glyptaesopus'' Pilsbry & Olsson 1941 * '' Granoturris'' Fargo, 1953 * '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * '' Isodaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Ithycythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Jaspidiconus'' Clench, 1942 * ''

Kermia ''Kermia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus is closely related to '' Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895. They form together a genus-complex with a highly underestimated diversity, lead ...

'' Oliver, 1915 * '' Kuroshiodaphne'' Shuto, 1965 * '' Kurtzia'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Kurtziella'' Dall, 1918 * '' Leufroyia'' Monterosato 1884 * ''Lithoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Mangelia ''Mangelia'' is a large genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. The genus has been used for a long time as a wastebasket taxon. There have been many described species, many of which have become synonyms. Am ...

'' Risso, 1826 * '' Microdaphne'' McLean, 1971 * '' Microgenia'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Mioawateria'' Vella, 1954 * '' Mitramorpha'' Adams, 1865 * '' Mitrolumna'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1883 * '' Mitromorpha'' Adams, 1865 * '' Nannodiella'' Dall, 1918 * '' Neopleurotomoides'' Shuto, 1971 * '' Nepotilla'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Nipponaphera'' Habe, 1961 * '' Obesotoma'' Bartsch, 1941 * ''

Oenopota ''Oenopota'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. This genus doesn't form a monophyletic group. Therefore many species are only tentatively placed within this genus. Description In 1941 Paul Bartsc ...

'' Mörch, 1852 * '' Ophiodermella'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Pagodidaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Perplicaria'' Dall, 1890 * ''

Phymorhynchus ''Phymorhynchus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The fusiform shell is thin, smooth, or spirally sculptured. The axial sculpture is less conspicuous. The siphonal canal is nearly ...

'' Dall, 1908 * '' Platycythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Pleurotomella'' verrill, 1873 * '' Pontiothauma'' E.A. Smith, 1895 * '' Propebela'' Iredale, 1918 * ''

Pseudodaphnella ''Pseudodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. In the past this generic name, ''Pseudodaphnella'', has been refused recognition by most modern writers, who have distributed its constituen ...

'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Puncticulis'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Pyrgocythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Rhizoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Rimosodaphnella'' Cossmann, 1915 * '' Rocroithys'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * '' Rubellatoma'' Bartsch & Rehder 1939 * '' Rugobela'' Finlay, 1924 * '' Scalptia'' Jousseaume 1887 * '' Spergo'' Dall, 1895 * ''Stephanoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Stilla ''Stilla'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Distribution This genus occurs off New Zealand. Species Species within the genus ''Stilla'' include: * ''Stilla anomala'' Powell, 1955 ...

'' Finlay, 1926 * '' Suavodrillia'' Dall, 1918 * '' Taranidaphne'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001 * '' Taranis'' Jeffreys, 1870 * '' Tasmadaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Teleochilus'' Harris, 1897 * ''

Tenaturris ''Tenaturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Tenaturris'' include: * ''Tenaturris bartlettii'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Tenaturris con ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Teretia ''Teretia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Teretia'' include: * ''Teretia acus'' (Barnard, 1958) * † ''Teretia anceps'' (Eichwald, 1830) * '' ...

'' Norman, 1888 * '' Teretiopsis'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * ''

Thatcheria ''Thatcheria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The solid shell is angularly pyriform. The spire is prominent, shorter than the aperture. It is many-whorled with ...

'' Angas, 1877 * '' Thatcheriasyrinx'' Powell, 1969 * '' Thatcherina'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998 * ''

Thelecythara ''Thelecythara'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae Pseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea (previously Conacea) an ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Thesbia'' Jeffreys, 1867 * ''

Theta Theta (, ; uppercase: Θ or ; lowercase: θ or ; grc, ''thē̂ta'' ; Modern: ''thī́ta'' ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. G ...

'' A.H. Clarke, 1959 * '' Tritonoturris'' Dall, 1924 * '' Truncadaphne'' McLean, 1971 * '' Tuskaroria'' Sysoev, 1988 * '' Typhlodaphne'' Powell, 1951 * '' Typhlomangelia'' Sars G.O., 1878 * '' Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Vepridaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Virgiconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Virroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Xanthodaphne ''Xanthodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Xanthodaphne'' include: * ''Xanthodaphne agonia'' (Dall, 1890) * ''Xanthodaphne alessandropagli ...

'' Powell, 1942 * '' Zenepos'' Finlay, 1928 * '' Zierliana'' Gray, 1847

Cone snail venom characteristics and biotech

There are approximately 30 records of humans killed by cone snails. Human victims suffer little pain, because the venom contains an analgesic component. Some species reportedly can kill a human in under five minutes, thus the name "cigarette snail" as supposedly one only has time to smoke a cigarette before dying. Cone snails can sting through a wetsuit with their harpoon-like radular tooth, which resembles a transparent needle. Normally, cone snails (and many species in the superfamily

) use their venom to immobilize prey before engulfing it. The venom consists of a mixture of

peptide Peptides (, ) are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Long chains of amino acids are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. ...

s, called conopeptides. The venom is typically made up of 10 to 30

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha ...

s, but in some species as many as 60. The venom of each cone snail species may contain as many as 200 pharmacologically active components. It is estimated that more than 50,000 conopeptides can be found, because every species of cone snail is thought to produce its own specific venom. Cone-snail venom has come to interest biotechnologists and pharmacists because of its potential medicinal properties. Production of synthetic conopeptides has started, using solid-phase peptide synthesis. W-conopeptide, from the species '' Conus magus'' is the basis of the

analgesic An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic (American English), analgaesic (British English), pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain (that is, analgesia or pain management). It ...

drug

Prialt Ziconotide (SNX–111; Prialt), also called intrathecal ziconotide (ITZ) because of its administration route, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain. Derived from ''Conus magus'', a cone snail, it is the ...

, an approved treatment for pain said to be 1000 times as powerful as

morphine Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies ('' Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. T ...

and used as a last resort in specific application. Conopeptides are also being looked at as anti-epileptic agents and to help stop nerve-cell death after a stroke or head injury. Conopeptides also have potential in helping against spasms due to

spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the sp ...

injuries, and may be helpful in diagnosing and treating small cell

carcinoma Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesoderm ...

s in the lung. The

biotechnology Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used ...

surrounding cone snails and their venom has promise for medical breakthroughs; with more than 50,000 conopeptides to study, the possibilities are numerous.

References

External links

{{taxonbar, from=Q140435 Gastropod families