Commodus (Gladiator)

''Gladiator'' is a 2000 epic historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Franzoni, John Logan, and William Nicholson. The film was co-produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Universal Pictures. DreamWorks Pictures distributed the film in North America while Universal Pictures released it internationally through United International Pictures. It stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed (in his final role), Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, Richard Harris, and Tommy Flanagan. Crowe portrays Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius, who is betrayed when Commodus, the ambitious son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, murders his father and seizes the throne. Reduced to slavery, Maximus becomes a gladiator and rises through the ranks of the arena to avenge the murders of his family and his emperor.

Inspired by Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 book ''Those About to Die'' (formerly titled ''The Way of the Gladiator''), the film's script, initially written by Franzoni, was acquired by DreamWorks and Ridley Scott signed on to direct the film. Principal photography, which began in January 1999 and wrapped up in May of that year, was known to have a set of problems due to the script being unfinished. Several of the cast complained about the writing quality throughout the nineteen week shoot in Fort Ricasoli, Malta, forcing many rewrites. Complications of the film's production were made worse when Reed died of a heart attack before production wrapped. British post-production company The Mill, who constructed the film's computer-generated imagery effects, had to create a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving Reed's character Proximo.

Despite its troubled production, ''Gladiator'' was anticipated to be one of the year’s most successful films. On its release, the film grossed over $460.5 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 2000 behind '' Mission: Impossible 2.'' Critics praised the acting (particularly Crowe's and Phoenix's performances), Scott's direction, visuals, screenplay, action sequences, musical score, and the production values, although its dark and brooding tone was criticized. Winning numerous accolades, ''Gladiator'' won five Academy Awards at the 73rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor for Crowe. ''Gladiator'' both revitalized or established the careers of its cast and crew, particularly elevating Crowe to leading man status and turning Phoenix into a celebrity.

Since its release, ''Gladiator'' has been critically reevaluated and it has been considered one of the best films of the 2000s decade, and one of the greatest historical epic films ever made. It has been credited with reinventing the sword-and-sandal genre after the genre waned in the public eye during the 1960s and also rekindled interest in entertainment centered around the cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and other time periods throughout world history. Several films have attempted to emulate ''Gladiator'''s visuals, style, and tone with varying degrees of success. The film has been analyzed for its themes of revenge, violence, masculinity, and stoicism. In 2021, Scott officially announced that writing had begun on a sequel to the film, which would formally enter development after the completion of his Napoleon biopic.

Plot

In 180 AD, Hispano-Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return home after he leads the Roman army to victory against the Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son, Commodus, is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him, as regent, to help save Rome from corruption and restore the republic. Upon hearing this, Commodus murders his father.

Commodus proclaims himself the new emperor, asking Maximus for his loyalty, but the latter refuses. Maximus is arrested by the Praetorian Guard and is told that he and his family will die. He kills his captors and, wounded, he rides for his home near Trujillo, only to find his wife and son crucified. Maximus buries them, then collapses from his injuries. Slavers find him, and take him to the city of Zucchabar in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, where he is sold to gladiator trainer Proximo.

Maximus reluctantly fights in local tournaments, his combat skills helping him win matches and gain popularity. He befriends two other gladiators: Hagen, a German; and Juba, a Numidian. Hagen relates he fought with Maximus in Germania, while Juba encourages him that he will meet his wife and daughter in the afterlife. Proximo reveals to Maximus that he was once a gladiator who was freed by Marcus Aurelius, and advises him to "win the crowd" to win his freedom.

When Commodus organises 150 days of games to commemorate his father's death, Proximo takes his gladiators to Rome to fight in the Colosseum. Disguised in a masked helmet, Maximus debuts in the Colosseum as a Carthaginian in a re-enactment of the Battle of Zama. Unexpectedly, he leads his side to victory, and Commodus enters the Colosseum to offer his congratulations. He orders the disguised Maximus, as leader of the gladiators, to reveal his true identity; Maximus removes his helmet and declares vengeance. Commodus is compelled by the crowd to let the gladiators live, and his guards are held back from striking them down.

Maximus's next fight is against a legendary undefeated gladiator, Tigris of Gaul. Commodus has arranged for several tigers to be set upon Maximus during the duel; Maximus, however, prevails. Commodus orders Maximus to kill Tigris, but Maximus spares his opponent's life; to that the crowd chants "Maximus the Merciful". Angered at this outcome, Commodus taunts Maximus about his family's deaths, but the latter turns and walks away.

Maximus discovers from Cicero, his ex-orderly, that his former legions remain loyal. He meets in secret with Lucilla, Commodus's sister and once the lover of Maximus; and Gracchus, an influential senator. They agree to have Maximus escape Rome to join his legions, topple Commodus by force, and hand power back to the Roman Senate. Commodus learns of the plot when Lucilla's son, Lucius, innocently hints at the conspiracy. Commodus threatens Lucilla and Lucius, and has the Praetorian Guard arrest Gracchus and attack the gladiators' barracks. Proximo and his men, including Hagen, sacrifice themselves to enable Maximus to escape. Maximus is captured at the rendezvous with Cicero, where the latter is killed.

In an effort to win back public approval, Commodus challenges Maximus to a duel in the Colosseum. He stabs Maximus in the lung before the match to gain an advantage. Despite his injuries, Maximus disarms Commodus, who demands a sword. Disgusted by his cowardly demeanor, the Praetorian Guard refuses to aid him. Commodus produces a hidden knife, but Maximus overpowers him and drives that same knife into Commodus's throat, killing him. Before Maximus succumbs to his wounds, he asks for political reforms, for his gladiator allies to be freed, and for Senator Gracchus to be reinstated. As he dies, he has a vision where he reunites with his wife and son. His friends and allies honor him as "a soldier of Rome", at Lucilla's behest, and carry his body out of the arena, leaving the dead Commodus behind.

That night, Juba visits the Colosseum and buries figurines of Maximus's wife and son at the spot where he died. He echoes Maximus' words that they will see each other again, "but not yet", as he leaves to reunite with his family.

Cast

* Russell Crowe as Maximus Decimus Meridius: A Hispano-Roman legatus forced into becoming a slave who seeks revenge against Commodus. He has earned the favor of Marcus Aurelius, and the love and admiration of Lucilla prior to the events of the film. His home is near Trujillo in today's Province of Cáceres, Spain. After the murder of his family he vows vengeance.
* Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus: The amoral, power-hungry, embittered son of Marcus Aurelius. He murders his father when he learns that Maximus will hold the emperor's powers in trust until a new republic can be formed.
* Connie Nielsen as Lucilla: Maximus's former lover and the older child of Marcus Aurelius. Lucilla has been recently widowed. She resists her brother's incestuous advances, while protecting her son, Lucius, from her brother's corruption and wrath.
* Oliver Reed as Antonius Proximo: An old, gruff gladiator trainer who buys Maximus in North Africa. A former gladiator himself, he was freed by Marcus Aurelius and becomes a mentor to both Maximus and Juba. This was Reed's final film appearance, as he died during the filming. In the original film script, Proximo was supposed to live. Richard Harris, who was later cast as Marcus Aurelius, was considered for the part.
* Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus: A member of the Roman Senate who opposes Commodus's rule and an ally of Lucilla and Maximus. In the original film script, Gracchus was supposed to die.
* Djimon Hounsou as Juba: A Numidian tribesman who was taken from his home and family by slave traders. He becomes Maximus's closest ally and friend, and inspires Maximus to bring down Commodus for the greater good before he joins his family in the afterlife.
* Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius: The old and wise emperor of Rome who appoints Maximus, whom he loves as a son, to be his successor, with the ultimate aim of returning Rome to a republican form of government. He is murdered by his son Commodus before his wish can be fulfilled.
* Ralf Möller as Hagen: A Germanic warrior and Proximo's chief gladiator who later befriends Maximus and Juba during their battles in Rome. He is killed by the Praetorian Guard during Maximus's attempted escape from Rome.
* Tommy Flanagan as Cicero: Maximus's loyal servant who provides liaison between the enslaved Maximus, his former legion based at Ostia, and Lucilla. He is used as bait for the escaping Maximus and eventually killed by the Praetorian Guard.
* David Schofield as Senator Falco: A patrician, a senator opposed to Gracchus. He helps Commodus to consolidate his power.
* John Shrapnel as Senator Gaius: A Roman senator allied with Gracchus, Lucilla, and Maximus against Commodus.
* Tomas Arana as General Quintus: A Roman legatus, commander of the Praetorian Guard, who betrays Maximus by allying with Commodus. In the extended version, Quintus sees the mad side of Commodus when he is forced to execute two innocent men. Quintus later redeems himself by refusing to allow Commodus a second sword during the latter's duel with Maximus, and promises to honor Maximus's last wishes.
* Spencer Treat Clark as Lucius Verus: The young son of Lucilla. He is named after his father Lucius Verus, who was co-emperor until 169 AD. He is also the grandson of Marcus Aurelius. He idolizes Maximus for his victories in the arena.
* David Hemmings as Cassius: The master of ceremonies for the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum.
* Sven-Ole Thorsen as Tigris of Gaul. The only undefeated Gladiator, was brought out of retirement by Commodus to kill Maximus.
* Omid Djalili as a slave trader.
* Giannina Facio as Maximus's wife.
* Giorgio Cantarini as Maximus's son, who is the same age as Lucilla's son Lucius.
* Adam Levy as Condemned Officer.

Production

Development

David Franzoni, who wrote the first draft, had dropped out of graduate school by 1972 and took his downtime to ride across Eastern Europe on a motorcade. During his trip, Franzoni was amazed that "everywhere I went in Europe, there were arenas. Even as I went east, going through Turkey, I began to think to myself this must have been a hell of a franchise." During a stop in Baghdad, Iraq, he stopped reading a book about the Irish Revolution for another one: Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 novel ''Those About to Die.'' These trips helped Franzoni inspire many ideas about a story set in the Roman Empire.

Twenty-five years later, Franzoni wrote the screenplay for Steven Spielberg's '' Amistad,'' which was the director's first film for DreamWorks Pictures, for which Speilberg was one of the three founders of the newly created independent studio. Though ''Amistad'' was a moderate commercial success, DreamWorks was impressed with Franzoni's screenplay and given him a three-picture deal as writer and co-producer. Remembering his 1972 trip, Franzoni pitched his Roman History idea to Spielberg, who immediately told him to write the script.

In Franzoni's first draft, dated April 4, 1998, Franzoni chose to base his story on Commodus after reading the ancient Roman ''Historia Augusta''. He later named his protagonist Narcissus, a wrestler who, according to the ancient sources Herodian and Cassius Dio, strangled Emperor Commodus to death.

Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick. They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting entitled '' Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down)''. Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome. However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue was too "on the nose" (lacking subtlety) and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking. Logan rewrote much of the first act and made the decision to kill off Maximus's family to increase the character's motivation.

By the time the script was being revised and the production crew was being assembled, DreamWorks began circling several potential partners to help cover the film's budget and costs. Co-financing between studios became increasingly common during the late-1990s as production and marketing costs and the potential for losses spiralled upward. DreamWorks saw success with its split-rights deals as the studio shared financing and distribution for the 1998 films ''Saving Private Ryan'' and ''Deep Impact'' with Paramount Pictures. On November 12, 1998, ''Variety'' reported that Universal Pictures reached a deal with DreamWorks to help finance the film, as well as obtaining international distribution rights and splitting worldwide proceeds 50–50 with DreamWorks, who would distribute the film in North America.

Casting

While writing the script, Franzoni expressed interest in Antonio Banderas as the lead role, but he declined. Mel Gibson, Tom Sizemore, and Tom Cruise were also considered for the film, but the producers and studio had Russell Crowe at the top of their list after his breakout performance in ''L.A. Confidential (film), L.A. Confidential'' (1997). Crowe was initially hesitant to take the role due to gaining forty pounds for ''The Insider (film), The Insider'' (1999)'','' but director Michael Mann convinced the actor to take the role. He would eventually sign on to play the main character in September 1998. Crowe would state that he was pitched by Parkes without the script finished. In his interview for ''Inside the Actors Studio'': "They said, 'It's a 100-million-dollar film. You're being directed by Ridley Scott. You play a Roman General.' I've always been a big fan of Ridley's."

For the role of Commodus, Jude Law auditioned for the role, but Scott intended to cast Joaquin Phoenix as his choice for the role. Jennifer Lopez reportedly lobbied for the role of Lucilla, but lost the role to Connie Nielsen. Crowe initially suggested his ''Insider'' costar Christopher Plummer for the role of Marcus Aurelius before Richard Harris was cast in the role. From there, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed, Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, and Tommy Flanagan joined the cast as pre-production was ready to commence.

Pre-production

In preparation for filming, Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot. Over six weeks, production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse, including Italy, France, North Africa, and England. All of the film's props, sets, and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to the high costs and unavailability of the items.

Influences

Scott and Franzoni draw up on several influences for Gladiator, ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film), One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest'', ''La Dolce Vita'' and ''The Conformist (1970 film), The Conformist''. The film's plot was influenced by two 1960s Hollywood (film industry), Hollywood films of the Peplum film genre, sword-and-sandal genre, ''The Fall of the Roman Empire (film), The Fall of the Roman Empire'' and ''Spartacus (film), Spartacus'', and shares several plot points with ''The Fall of the Roman Empire'', which tells the story of Livius, who, like Maximus in ''Gladiator'', is Marcus Aurelius's intended successor. Livius is in love with Lucilla and seeks to marry her while Maximus, who is happily married, was formerly in love with her. Both films portray the death of Marcus Aurelius as an assassination. In ''The Fall of the Roman Empire'' a group of conspirators independent of Commodus, hoping to profit from Commodus's accession, arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned; in ''Gladiator'' Commodus himself murders his father by smothering him. In the course of ''The Fall of the Roman Empire'' Commodus unsuccessfully seeks to win Livius over to his vision of empire in contrast to that of his father, but continues to employ him notwithstanding; in ''Gladiator'', when Commodus fails to secure Maximus's allegiance, he executes Maximus's wife and son and tries unsuccessfully to execute him. Livius in ''The Fall of the Roman Empire'' and Maximus in ''Gladiator'' kill Commodus in single combat, Livius to save Lucilla and Maximus to avenge the murder of his wife and son, and both do it for the greater good of Rome.

Scott cited ''Spartacus'' and ''Ben-Hur (1959 film), Ben-Hur'' as influences on the film: "These movies were part of my cinema-going youth. But at the dawn of the new millennium, I thought this might be the ideal time to revisit what may have been the most important period of the last two thousand years – if not all recorded history – the apex and beginning of the decline of the greatest military and political power the world has ever known."

''Spartacus'' provides the film's gladiatorial motif, as well as the character of Senator Gracchus, a fictitious senator (bearing the name of a Gracchi, pair of revolutionary tribunes from the 2nd century BC) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman Senate in the face of an ambitious Autocracy, autocrat – Marcus Licinius Crassus in ''Spartacus'' and Commodus in ''Gladiator.'' Both actors who played Gracchus (in ''Spartacus'' and ''Gladiator'') played Claudius in previous films: Charles Laughton of ''Spartacus'' played Claudius in the unfinished 1937 film ''I, Claudius (film), I, Claudius'' and Derek Jacobi of ''Gladiator'' played Claudius in I, Claudius (TV series), the 1976 BBC adaptation. Both films also share a specific set piece wherein a gladiator (Maximus here, Woody Strode's Draba in ''Spartacus'') throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match, as well as at least one line of dialogue: "Rome is the mob", said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar (John Gavin) in ''Spartacus''.

Filming

Principal photography

The film was shot in three main locations between January and May 1999. The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods, near Farnham, Surrey, in England. When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove a section of the forest, he persuaded them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down. Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a Rotary disc shutter, 45-degree shutter, creating stop motion effects in the action sequences, similar to techniques used for the battle sequences of ''Saving Private Ryan'' (1998). Subsequently, the scenes of slavery, desert travel, and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco, just south of the Atlas Mountains over a further three weeks. To construct the arena where Maximus has his first fights, the crew used basic materials and local building techniques to manufacture the 30,000-seat mud brick arena. Finally, the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Fort Ricasoli, Malta.

In Malta, a replica of about one-third of Rome's Colosseum was built to a height of 52 feet (15.8 meters), mostly from plaster and plywood (the other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally). The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million. The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture, colonnades, gates, statue, statuary, and marketplaces for other filming requirements. The complex was serviced by tented "costume villages" that had changing rooms, storage, armorers, and other facilities. The rest of the Colosseum was created in computer-generated imagery using set-design blueprints and textures referenced from live action, and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Autodesk Media and Entertainment, Flame and Autodesk Media and Entertainment, Inferno software.

While Crowe and Harris became good friends during filming, the actor did not get along with Reed. In a 2010 interview with ''GQ'', Crowe stated that he "never got on with Ollie. He has visited me in dreams and asked me to talk kindly of him. So I should... but we never had a pleasant conversation." Crowe was uncomfortable with Reed's excessive drinking during filming. Phoenix was initially anxious about filming and requested Scott he dropped out early, but to help calm a then 25-year-old Phoenix's nerves, Crowe and Harris decided to get him drunk. "It was actually Richard Harris' idea," Crowe later recalled, "because Joaquin was very nervous on the set and I went to Richard and said, 'Mate, what are we gonna do with this kid, he's asking me to abuse him before takes.'"

Script revisions and complaints

Throughout filmmaking, the actors complained about the problems with the script. William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character. Nicholson reworked Maximus' friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film, saying, "he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody." The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions, with several actors providing changes. Crowe questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers. According to Nicholson, Crowe reportedly told him that his "lines are garbage, but I'm the greatest actor in the world and I can make even garbage sound good."

According to a DreamWorks executive, Crowe "tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it." Crowe described the script situation: "I read the script and it was substantially underdone. Even the character didn't exist on the pages. And that set about a long process, that's probably the first time that I've been in a situation where the script wasn't a complete done deal. We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks." Of the writing and filming process, Crowe added, "Possibly, a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my 'volatility' has to do with that experience. Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever, and I didn't have anything to learn. I actually didn't know what the scenes were gonna be. We had, I think, one American writer working on it, one English writer working on it, and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas, and then Ridley himself; and then, on the occasion where Ridley would say, 'Look, this is the structure for it– what are you gonna say in that?' So then I'd be doing my own stuff, as well. And this is how things like, 'Strength and honor,' came up. This is how things like, 'At my signal, unleash hell,' came up. The name Maximus Decimus Meridius, it just flowed well."

Maximus' habit of rubbing soil before each fight references the attachment and affection to his former life as a farmer. In a conversation with Marcus Aurelius, Maximus says the fecund soil of his farm is "black like my wife's hair". Crowe wrote the speech himself, drawing on his feelings of homesickness for his own farm.

Injuries

Crowe reportedly sustained injuries during principal photography. Detailing the impact filming had on his body during his appearance on ''Inside the Actor's Studio,'' Crowe described that there was a "lot of blood, lot of blood, lot of grazes, you know, I mean, I've still got, a lot of little scar[s] here and one under here on this elbow, a discoloration of the skin that is directly to Gladiator". During filming on the sequence where Maximus fights Tigris of Gaul in the arena with tigers, Crowe narrowly escaped from being clawed by a tiger.

Post-production

British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the computer-generated imagery effects that were added after filming. The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on Chroma key, bluescreen into the fight sequences, and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be shot during filming. They also used 2,000 live actors to create a computer-generated crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes. The Mill accomplished this by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances, and then mapping them onto cards, with motion capture, motion-capture tools used to track their movements for three-dimensional compositing. The Mill created over 90 visual effects shots, comprising approximately nine minutes of the film's running time.

An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a myocardial infarction, heart attack during the filming in Malta before all his scenes had been shot. The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo by photographing a live-action body double in the shadows and by mapping a three-dimensional computer-generated imagery mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional footage. Visual effects supervisor John Nelson (visual effects artist), John Nelson reflected on the decision to include the additional footage: "What we did was small compared to our other tasks on the film. What Oliver did was much greater. He gave an inspiring, moving performance. All we did was help him finish it." The film is dedicated to Reed's memory.

Historical authenticity

The film is loosely based on real events that occurred within the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 2nd century AD. As Ridley Scott wanted to portray Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film, he hired several historians as advisors. Nevertheless, some deviations from historical facts were made to increase interest, maintain narrative continuity, and for practical or safety reasons. Scott also stated that due to the influence of previous films affecting the public perception of what ancient Rome was like, some historical facts were "too unbelievable" to include. For instance, in an early version of the script, gladiators would have been carrying out Testimonial, product endorsements in the arena; while this would have been historically accurate, it was not filmed for fear that audiences would think it anachronistic.

At least one historical advisor resigned due to these changes. Another asked not to be mentioned in the credits (though it was stated in the director's commentary that he constantly asked, "where is the proof that certain things were exactly like they say?"). Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made ''Gladiator'' less interesting or exciting, stating, "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".

Fictionalization

* Marcus Aurelius was not murdered by his son Commodus; he died at Vindobona (modern Vienna) in 180 AD from the Antonine Plague. The epidemic, believed to be either smallpox or measles, swept the Roman Empire during his reign.
* There is no indication Marcus Aurelius wished to return the Empire to a Roman Republic, republican form of government, as depicted in the film. Moreover, he shared the rule of the Empire with Commodus for three years before his own death. Commodus then ruled alone from that point until his death at the end of 192 AD.
* The film depicts Marcus as defeating the barbarians in the Marcomannic Wars. In reality, the war was still ongoing when Aurelius died; Commodus secured peace by a treaty with the two Germanic tribes allied against Rome, the Marcomanni and the Quadi, immediately after his father's death.
* The character of Maximus is fictional, although in some respects he resembles the following historical figures: Narcissus, Commodus's real-life murderer and the character's name in the first draft of the screenplay; Spartacus, who led a significant slave revolt in 73–71 BC; Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus (519–430 BC), a farmer who was made Roman dictator, dictator, saved Rome from invasion, then resigned his six-month appointment after 15 days;Livy. ''Cincinnatus Leaves His Plow.'' Taken from ''The Western World'' and Marcus Nonius Macrinus, a trusted general, Roman consul, consul in 154 AD, and friend of Marcus Aurelius.
* Although Commodus engaged in show combat in the Colosseum, he was not killed in the arena; he was strangled in his bath by the wrestler Narcissus. Commodus reigned for over twelve years, unlike the shorter period portrayed in the film.
* In the film, Lucilla is portrayed as a lone widow of Lucius Verus with one son, also named Lucius Verus. While Lucilla was the widow of Verus and also had a son by that name, their son died young, long before the reign of Commodus, and Lucilla remarried Claudius Pompeianus soon after Verus' death.Peacock, Phoebe B., Library of Congress
Lucius Verus (161–169 AD)
, roman-emperors.org. Accessed 2012-5-29. She had been married to him for 11 years by the time her brother became Emperor and her only living son during this time was Aurelius Pompeianus. The film omits Lucilla's other two children with Verus, Lucilla Plautia and Aurelia Lucilla.
* The character of Maximus had a similar career (and personality traits as documented by Herodian) to Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, Claudius Pompeianus (a Syrian) who married Marcus Aurelius' daughter Lucilla following the death of Lucius Verus. It is believed Aurelius may have wanted Pompeianus to succeed him as Caesar (title), caesar, in preference to Commodus, but was turned down. Pompeianus had no part in any of the many plots against Commodus. He was not depicted in the film.
* Lucilla was implicated in a plot to assassinate her brother in 182 AD, along with her stepson by Pompeianus and several others. She was first exiled to the island of Capri by her brother, then executed on his orders later in the year.
* In the film the character Antonius Proximo claims "the wise" Marcus Aurelius banned gladiatorial games in Rome forcing him to move to Mauretania. The real Aurelius did ban games, but only in Antioch as punishment for the city's support of the usurper Avidius Cassius. No games were ever banned in Rome. However, when the Emperor started conscripting gladiators into the legions, the resulting shortage in fighters allowed ''Gladiator#Schools and training, lanistae'' such as Proximo to make "windfall" profits through increased charges for their services.
* In real life, the death of Commodus did not result in peace for Rome, nor a return to the Roman Republic. Rather, it ushered in a chaotic and bloody power struggle that culminated in the Year of the Five Emperors of AD 193. According to Herodian, the people of Rome were overjoyed at the news of Commodus dying, although they feared that the praetorians would not accept the new emperor Pertinax.
* "Maximus Decimus Meridius" does not appear to be a usual personal name for ancient Rome. A more accurate name would be "Decimus Meridius Maximus", as "Decimus" is a ''praenomen'' and "Maximus" is a ''cognomen''. "Proximo" should be rendered as "Proximus."

Anachronisms

Costumes in the film are rarely historically correct. Some of the soldiers wear Galea (helmet), fantasy helmets. The bands wrapped around their lower arms were rarely worn. Their appearance is the product of a filmic stereotype whereby historical films depict peoples of antiquity wearing such bands. Although the film is set within the 2nd century AD, the Lorica segmentata, Imperial Gallic armor and the Imperial helmet#Imperial Gallic, helmets worn by the legionaries are from AD 75, a century earlier. This was superseded by Imperial helmet#Imperial Italic, new designs in AD 100. The legions' Aquilifer, standard bearers (aquiliferi), centurions, Roman cavalry, mounted forces, and auxiliaries would have worn scale armour, lorica squamata. The Germanic tribes are dressed in clothes from the Stone Age period.

The Roman cavalry are shown using stirrups. This is anachronistic in that the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army used a two-horned saddle, without stirrups. Stirrups were only employed in filming for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle. Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest. They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles. Fire arrows and canisters fired from catapults were not used at any point in ancient history.

The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing purple uniforms. No historical evidence supports this. On campaign, they usually wore standard legionary equipment with some unique decorative elements.

Music

The Oscar-nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. Zimmer was originally planning to use Israeli vocalist Ofra Haza for the score, after his work with her in ''The Prince of Egypt''. However, Haza died in late February 2000, before she was able to record, and so Gerrard was chosen instead. Lisa Gerrard's vocals are similar to her own work on ''The Insider (film), The Insider'' score. The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst's "The Planets, Mars: The Bringer of War", and in June 2006, the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Holst's work. Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus's triumphal entry into Rome, accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections – the Prelude to ''Das Rheingold'' and Siegfried's Funeral March from ''Götterdämmerung'' – from Richard Wagner's ''Der Ring des Nibelungen, Ring of the Nibelung''. On February 27, 2001, nearly a year after the first soundtrack's release, Decca Records, Decca produced ''Gladiator (2000 soundtrack)#More Music from Gladiator, Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture''. Then, on September 5, 2005, Decca Records, Decca produced ''Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition'', a two-CD pack containing both the above-mentioned releases. Some of the music from the film was featured in the National Football League playoffs, NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half-time. In 2003, Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the film and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack.

Release

Context

Whereas 1999 achieved a record $7.3 billion at the domestic box office, industry executives expected 2000 to have lower revenues due to a slate of pictures that lacked the commercial appeal to 1999's slate (which had a highly anticipated film such as ''Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Star Wars: Episode I — The Phantom Menace'') and lacked femme-driven pictures that were seen strong alternatives to action-oriented blockbusters, as well as the 2000 Summer Olympics. Rises in production costs and a lack of merchandising forced studios to concentrate their marketing on the star power of established A-list male actors to help boost ticket sales and draw in potential female audiences for their slates. The films that were most expected to perform well included the Tom Cruise-starting action sequel '' Mission: Impossible 2'', Walt Disney Pictures' ''Dinosaur (2000 film), Dinosaur'' (which garnered publicity for being the company's first non-Pixar computer-animated film), ''Gladiator'', and the superhero film ''X-Men (film), X-Men''. Films such as Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros.' ''Battlefield Earth (film), Battlefield Earth'', ''The Perfect Storm (film), The Perfect Storm'', ''What Lies Beneath'', ''The Patriot (2000 film), The Patriot'', ''Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film), Gone in 60 Seconds'', ''Nutty Professor II: The Klumps'', ''Disney's The Kid, The Kid'', and ''Me, Myself & Irene'' were heavily marketed and promoted with the appeal of their leading actors that already had a built-in audience, including Mel Gibson, Eddie Murphy, Harrison Ford, Jim Carrey, and Bruce Willis''.''

Marketing

Two trailers were produced for the film. The first teaser, released in late 1999, featured music from ''Conan the Barbarian (1982 film), Conan the Barbarian'' (1982), while the second trailer that was released in the spring of 2000 had music from the film's soundtrack. During Super Bowl XXXIV, DreamWorks broadcast a televised advertisement that mixed clips of the film with various football footage and featured the Kid Rock single "Bawitdaba" (1999). ''Ain't It Cool News, Aint It Cool News'' reported that DreamWorks conducted several test screenings between October 1999 and February 2000 that were overwhelmingly positive. Following the test-screenings, DreamWorks become confident in marketing ''Gladiator'' with Russell Crowe, despite the actor not having a large built-in audience at the time. ''Ain't It Cool News''' Harry Knowles, who was one of the few critics participating in the film's test screenings, gave the film a highly positive review following the test-screening.

Box office

''Gladiator'' was released in North America on May 5, 2000, on 2,938 screens. On its opening weekend, the film opened to number one when it earned $34.8 million, ending ''U-571 (film), U-571s two weeks at the top spot. The film not only crossed over ''Scream 3'' to have the year's highest opening weekend, but also achieved the third-highest opening weekend for any R-rated film, trailing only behind ''Air Force One (film), Air Force One'' (1997) and ''Interview with the Vampire (film), Interview with the Vampire'' (1994). The film's positive word of mouth and the sex appeal of Crowe brought in a female audience during its opening weekend, with a percentage of women buying tickets increasing from 35% on its opening day to 45% the following day. The film remained number one in its second weekend with $24.6 million, holding off the soft $11.5 million debut of ''Battlefield Earth''. The film was dethroned from the top spot by ''Dinosaur'' during its third weekend and fell to second place with $19.7 million. By Memorial Day, it had already earned a total of $127.2 million, surpassing ''Erin Brockovich (film), Erin Brockovich'' to become the highest-grossing film of the year. ''Gladiator'' did not regain its number one spot, but was in the top ten at the box office for the following six weeks before dropping to twelfth in its tenth week. Due to strong world of mouth, ''Gladiator'' had one of the leggiest performances during the theatrical summer of 2000 before it finished its initial run in theaters on the weekend of October 13 with a gross of $186.6 million. When the film was rereleased on February 16, 2001, the film finished eleventh with a gross of $58,948. After its success at the 73rd Academy Awards, ''Gladiator'' grossed $456,732 on the weekend of April 1. It held the record for the largest post-Oscar Best Picture bump until ''Parasite (2019 film), Parasite'' (2019) surpassed the record with a $5.5 million draw following the 92nd Academy Awards. By the time the film had officially left theaters on May 10, 2001, ''Gladiator'' grossed $187.7 million in the United States and Canada. The film finished fourth in the domestic box office for the year 2000, finishing behind ''Mission: Impossible 2'' ($215.4 million), ''Cast Away'' ($233.6 million), and ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film), How The Grinch Stole Christmas'' ($260 million).

Outside of North America, ''Gladiator'' grossed over $47.8 million in the United Kingdom and saw the fifth largest opening in Australia with a record $5 million. The film went on the gross over $272.9 million internationally, giving the film a cumulative gross of over $460.6 million worldwide against a budget of $103 million. It was the 2000 in film, second highest-grossing film of 2000 behind ''Mission: Impossible 2'' ($546.4 million). At the time of its release, ''Gladiator'' was the fifth highest-grossing R-rated film worldwide, behind ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' (1991), ''Saving Private Ryan'' (1998), ''The Matrix'' (1999), and ''Pretty Woman'' (1990). It is also one of the forth highest grossing film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, behind ''Forrest Gump'' (1994), ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003), and ''Titanic (1997 film), Titanic'' (1997).

Due to an increase in ticket prices, 2000 set a new record of $7.7 billion at the domestic box office, exceeding the previous year's $7.31 billion. However, attendance for the year was estimated at 1.43 billion, a 2.5% decrease from last year. Industry executives blamed the decrease in attendance on the year's slate for its lack of commercial appeal like 1999's slate had, as well as several exhibition chains filling for bankruptcy. Nevertheless, ''Gladiator'' was considered to be one of 2000's blockbusters with the success it had at the box office and helped generate more revenue for DreamWorks when it was setting new DVD release records during the forth quarter of the year. With the strong performance of ''Gladiator'', along with ''Road Trip (film), Road Trip'', ''Small Time Crooks'', ''Chicken Run'', and ''What Lies Beneath,'' DreamWorks finished fifth for the top performing domestic studios for 2000 with $769.5 million, ahead of major studios 20th Century Fox ($728.7 million) and Sony Pictures ($667.1 million), establishing the mini-major studio as a major contender in Hollywood.

Reception

Critical response

Upon its initial release, ''Gladiator'' opened to generally positive reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

The performances and the cast were praised by critics, with Crowe and Phoenix being considered by critics as the main highlights. Kirk Honeycutt of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' said Crowe "solidly anchors this epic-scale gladiator movie - the first in nearly four decades - by using his burly frame and expressive face to give dimension to what might otherwise have been comic book heroics." In his positive review for ''The Wall Street Journal'', Joe Morgenstern, Joe Morgensten said that Crowe "doesn't use tricks in this role to court our approval. He earns it the old-fashioned way, by daring to be quiet, if not silent, and intensely, implacably strong," and that the film "rests on Mr. Crowe's armor-clad shoulders, and he carries it remarkably well." Empire (magazine), ''Empire'''s Ian Nathan, giving the film four stars, wrote that Phoenix displayed "gleeful hamminess" in his performance. Writing for the film, Nathan expressed that "while it's all grand opera, and driven by sweeping gestures and pompous, overwritten dialogue, it is prone to plain silliness - especially in granting us the big showdown at the close. But the sheer dynamism of the action, coupled with Hans Zimmer's lavish score and the forcefield of Crowe, still makes this a fiercesome competitor in the summer movie stakes." Geoff Andrew of ''Time Out (magazine), Time Out'' praised the film, saying that "the cast is strong (notably Nielsen as Commodus's vacillating sister, and the late Oliver Reed, unusually endearing as a gladiator owner), the pacing lively, and the sets, swordplay and Scud catapults impressive. Roger Ebert, who was otherwise critical in his two-star review, praised Nielsen for having the most depth in the entire film. On the other hand, Camille Paglia, who called the film "boring, badly shot and suffused with sentimental Political correctness, p.c. rubbish," criticized Crowe and Phoenix's performances

Scott's directing was generally praised by critics, whom called it a return to form for the director. In her A- review for ''Entertainment Weekly'', Lisa Schwarzbaum praised Scott's directing, particularly during the opening battle sequence. Schwarzbaum writes that with the battle sequence, "Scott lets loose his own extraordinary assault. It’s a bravura sequence of flaming arrows, falling horses, and mortal combat that doesn’t copy Saving Private Ryan, ''Private Ryan''‘s famous opening tour de force of carnage so much as raise a banner in admiration. It's Scott the visual artist at his most deluxe." Peter Bradshaw of ''The Guardian'' wrote that "Scott really scores in his big Rome set-pieces, especially Crowe's combat with men and tigers in a computer-enhanced Colosseum much bigger and more monumental than the original," and that "for all of its implausible silliness and towering high camp, Scott's movie tells an engaging story, and the central arena fight-sequence in which Maximus and his gladiators playing the doomed Carthaginians end up defeating the Romans and reversing history "to the emperor's horror" is wittily and adroitly done: a sly demonstration of the confluence of politics and mass entertainment." Michael Wilmington of ''Chicago Tribune, The Chicago Tribune'' gave praise to Scott's direction, comparing the visual style of the film to that of Scott's 1982 film ''Blade Runner''.

Critics generally praised the production values of the film, with the costumes, production design, and visual effects. Todd McCarthy, praising the film for ''Variety'', said ''Gladiator'' "revels in both the glory and the horror that were Rome," with "details in Arthur Max's brilliant production design and Janty Yates’ highly diversified costume design that offered up in wonderfully offhand fashion," while also commanding the "CGI effects that have allowed numerous sets, notably the Colosseum, to be enhanced in size and spectacle value; the stunts, fights and battles are as forceful and realistic as anyone could want, John Mathieson (cinematographer), John Mathieson’s widescreen cinematography is magnificent, and the pacing across 2½ hours is well modulated." Ebert criticized the film for looking "muddy, fuzzy and indistinct." In his two-star review, Ebert also derided the writing, saying it "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are."

Accolades

Despite the critical and commercial success it received during its theatrical run, ''Gladiator'' was not initially considered a major contender for the Academy Awards. When award season talk came around towards the end of 2000, critic and journalists simply viewed the film as an enjoyable summer film, but not a major Oscar contender. ''Gladiator'' and ''Erin Brockovich (film), Erin Bronckovich'' were singled out for their releases during the first half of the year, while awards contenders such as ''Almost Famous'', ''Billy Elliot'', ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and Traffic (2000 film), Traffic'' were release during the fall and winter of 2000 and received awards from numerous critics groups and guild organizations. When the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama at the 58th Golden Globe Awards, 58th Golden Globes, media outlets began viewing ''Gladiator'' as the front runner for the Academy Awards. Its subsequent wins for the BAFTA Award for Best Film and Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture, Produces Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture solidfied ''Gladiator'''s front runner status for the Oscars.

When nominations for the 73rd Academy Awards were announced on February 13, 2001, ''Gladiator'' received the most nominations with twelve, while ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'' had ten nominations. On March 25, 2001, the film won five Academy Awards: Best Picture Academy Award, Best Picture, Best Actor for Russell Crowe, Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, Best Visual Effects, Academy Award for Best Sound, Best Sound, and Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Best Costume Design. It was nominated for an additional seven: Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, Best Original Screenplay, Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Academy Award for Best Director, Best Director for Ridley Scott, Academy Award for Best Original Score, Best Original Score, Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Best Cinematography, Academy Award for Best Production Design, Best Art Direction, and Academy Award for Best Film Editing, Best Film Editing. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since ''All the King's Men (1949 film), All the King's Men'' at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. This was also the second consecutive DreamWorks film to achieve an Oscar for Best Picture after ''American Beauty (1999 film), American Beauty'' the previous year. Due to Academy Awards, Academy rules, only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Original Score, and not Lisa Gerrard. However, the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers. Of its one-hundred and nineteen award nominations, ''Gladiator'' won a total of forty-eight prizes.

Post-release

Aftermath

After ''Thelma & Louise'' (1991), Scott faced a string of critical and commercial flops during the 1990s including ''1492: Conquest of Paradise'' (1992), ''White Squall (film), White Squall'' (1996), and ''G.I. Jane'' (1997). ''Gladiator'' became a reversal of fortune for Scott, earning him his best acclaim and interest since ''Thelma and Louise''. In the wake of ''Gladiator''s success, Scott followed up by directing ''Hannibal (2001 film), Hannibal'' (2001), the highly anticipated sequel to ''The Silence of the Lambs (film), The Silence of the Lambs'' (1991), and ''Black Hawk Down (film), Black Hawk Down'' (2001).

''Gladiator'', along with ''The Insider'', helped elevate Russell Crowe into an established A-lister and worldwide fame. His performance in ''Gladiator'' resulted him landing top-billing roles in Ron Howard's A Beautiful Mind (film), ''A Beautiful Mind'' (2001) and Peter Weir's ''Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World'' (2003). Scott and Crowe would collaborate again for ''A Good Year'' (2006), American Gangster (film), ''American Gangster'' (2007), ''Body of Lies (film), Body of Lies'' (2008), and ''Robin Hood (2010 film), Robin Hood'' (2010). ''Gladiator'' also brought fame for Phoenix, who would go on to be cast by M. Night Shyamalan for the films ''Signs (2002 film), Signs'' (2002) and ''The Village (2004 film), The Village'' (2004) and win the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as the Joker (character), Joker in ''Joker (2019 film), Joker'' (2019). Harris' performance in ''Gladiator'' resulted in his casting as Albus Dumbledore in ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film), Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (2001).

Home media

''Gladiator'' was first released on DVD and VHS on November 21, 2000. Along with ''X-Men (film), X-Men'', both films generated $60 million in home video sales each in their first week. By this point, ''Gladiator'' had already sold 1.8 million DVD units, making it the fastest-selling DVD release. By January 2001, it would go on to break ''The Matrix''s record for becoming the top-selling DVD release, selling 3.5 million copies. With over 5 million copies sold, the film would hold the record for being the best-selling DVD title of all time until ''Shrek'' surpassed it later that year.

The DVD has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions. Special features for the Blu-ray, Blu-ray Disc and DVDs include deleted scenes, trailer (promotion), trailers, Documentary film, documentaries, Audio commentary, commentaries, storyboards, image galleries, Easter egg (media), Easter eggs, and audition, cast auditions. The film was released on Blu-ray in September 2009, in a 2-disc edition containing both the theatrical and extended cuts of the film, as part of Paramount Home Media Distribution, Paramount's "Sapphire Series". Initial reviews of the Blu-ray Disc release criticized poor image quality, leading many to call for it to be remastered, as Sony did with ''The Fifth Element'' in 2007. A remastered version was later released in 2010.

The DVD editions that have been released since the original two-disc version, include a film-only single-disc edition as well as a three-disc "extended edition" DVD which was released in August 2005. The extended edition DVD features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes, most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes. The original cut, which Scott still calls his director's cut, is also selectable via seamless branching (which is not included on the UK edition). The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe. The film is on the first disc, the second one has a three-hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika, and the third disc contains supplements. Discs one and two of the three-disc extended edition were also repackaged and sold as a two-disc "special edition" in the EU in 2005. The film was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray by Paramount Home Media Distribution on May 15, 2018.

Thematic analysis

Revenge

A common theme found in ''Gladiator'' is that of revenge. Throughout the film, Maximus' character arc revolves around the theme of revenge toward Commodus for betraying him and arranging the deaths of his wife, his son, and the emperor. Writing in the chapter "''Gladiator'' and Contemporary American Society" of her book ''Big Screen Rome'', Monica Cyrino, Monica S. Cyrino argues that Maximus' revenge arc is driven by the alienation of Roman politics. Cyrino opines that Maximus is introduced as being patriotic and one who "fights for an ideal Rome because, never having been to the city. he has remained undefiled by the reality that Rome is rightful conqueror and civilizing force over the world. Maximus is soon betrayed by Commodus and "when he finds his wife and son mur­dered, it marked the moment of his alienation from everything he once valued." The loss of his family and emperor mentally breaks Maximus, who initially refuses to fight with the other gladiators and eventually cuts out the legion tattoo on his arm. This further solidifies Maximus’ alienation from Rome. Cyrino, who noted that "Maximus' alienation from a degenerate Rome and his deep-seated ambivalence about his role in restoring Roman government to the people suggests a parallel to Post–Cold War era, post-Cold War America,” notes that even as there was a "temporary boost in the rhetoric of national unity and superficial displays of patri­otism after September 11 attacks, September 11, 2001, current political and social commenta­tors remark on the apathy of the American electorate, such as low voter turnout and a persistent lack of interest in political debate." When Maximus returns to Rome as a slave, "he eventually realizes what he has already begun to understand: "The mob is Rome."" Driven by his anger and isolation, Maximus’ resolution is to re-enact his ideal of Rome from within the arena. After he kills Commodus before he succumbs to his wounds, Maximus asks Quintus to reinstate Senator Gracchus in the hope that Gracchus will help to reinstate Marcus Aurelius' ideals.

Violence as spectacle

''Gladiator'' comments on the theme of violence in sports and as a spectacle for entertainment. Cyrino writes that "''Gladiator'' evokes the influence of the superstar athlete in a child's wide-eyed worship of celebrity when young Lucius approaches Maximus, his new idol. as he waits in his cell to enter the arena."^[ Franzoni himself was inspired by various sports agents and professional sports such as the National Football League, NFL and WWE when writing the script. Cyrino blieves that the film's "gladiatorial fights are reminiscent of the way in which con­temporary sports competitions, especially professional football and wrestling, are filmed for television," and that Logan employed a similar tactic for the screenplay for Oliver Stone's ''Any Given Sunday'' (1999), in which "the camera watches from a series of vantage points that are easily recognizable to any viewers of Monday Night Football." Cyrino argues that the film deconstructs the spectacle of violence through the lens of Maximus. After a victory in Zucchabar, Maximus throws his sword at the local viewing box and spits at the sand after displaying his contempt for the crowd. Cyrino argues that "the depiction of the Roman mob in Gladiator offers the American audience an unnerving mirror-image of themselves, eager to be entertained at all costs and demanding ever more intricate, dangerous, and realistic spectacles."

Masculinity and stoicism

Themes of masculinity and stoicism are commentated throughout the film's plot. During the course of the film, Maximus is represented as a strong, fearless figure who is brave, loyal, and honest to those around him. Cyrino writes that Maximus' masculinity is defined through his upbringing as a farmer and a working-class hero. A signature trait from Maximus before he fights is that he gets dirt from the ground and wipe his hands dirty with them, signaling his personality as a man who isn't afraid to get his hands dirty. Cyrino states that Maximus' portrayal as "a simple man of the soil responds to modern society's idealization of the countryside and its supposed virtue and purity, in stark contrast to the crime-ridden metropolis." Maximus gains the support of his fellow gladiators and some of the senate over the course of the film through the way he behaves and acts.

Some philosophers have noted the role stoicism plays in the Maximus' masculinity. The real life Marcus Aurelius writes in ''Meditations'' that stoics must "concentrate on [their responsibilities] ... without getting stirred up or meeting anger with angers." Maximus' drive for vengeance has made him turn away from his responsibilities of a role model to his son until Lucilla confronts him in his cell that he realizes that his emotions are getting the better of him. When Commodus taunts Maximus about how his son "squealed like a girl when they nailed him to the cross," stoicism shines a light on Maximus by refusing to give into his anger and kill Commodus in front of the arena and resorts to telling Commodus that his "time for honoring himself will soon be at a end.” Instead of giving into his anger, Maximus slightly bows and refers to Commodus as “highness” instead of “emperor,” which latter becomes a psychological and emotional blow to Commodus’ ego. Krysta Larson, writing in "Mother Knows Best? Evaluating the Roles of Stoic Parents in ''Gladiator''," believed that "if it were stoically proper to continue in one’s role as a parent to a dead son, then Maximus would fulfill his role as a good Stoic father by pursuing virtuous goals and properly performing the deeds dictated by his roles rather than seeking revenge."

Commodus, on the other hand, is presented as the antithesis of Maximus. The film portrays Commodus as an immature, cowardly, and unreasonable man who is not fit for the demands of governing the Roman Empire. He openly complains, sobs, has trouble sleeping at night, and struggles to gain respect from the characters. The film characterizes Commodus with his sister as his only friend, with even his father openly admitting that his son is not moral. Driven by the lack of love obtained from his father, Commodus is "keen to acquire the love and respect of the Roman people that his father had enjoyed but criticizes Marcus Aurelius for his intellectualism." Cyrino compared Commodus to the presidency of George W. Bush, stating that like Commodus, "Bush employed rhetoric imbued with overly emotional and sometimes childish tones." Both Commodus and Bush, according to Cyrino, are "con­temptuous of guidance from advisory councils and express their scorn by means of anti-intellectual bluster." As it becomes clear Maximus is winning the respect of the crowd, Commodus becomes irritated and frustrated. When he purposefully taunts at Maximus about the deaths of his family in an effort to kill him after defying his order to kill Tigris of Gaul, Maximus rebukes him by calling him “highness” and that his time of honoring his narcissism will come to a end. This leads to him openly complaining and sobbing to Senator Falco later that night. Commodus’ amoral personality intensifies when he begins to lust after his own sister Lucilia and forces her to become his sex slave as punishment for her betrayal. ''Gladiator'' highlights the distinct personalities of Maximus and Commodus in the final battle. Prior to their dual, Commodus stabs Maximus in an effort to gain a hand, but this shows his cowardly demeanor as Quintus refuses to give him a second sword. Maximus' honor, determination, and discipline eventually overcomes Commodus' vanity, cruelty, and ambition when he stabs him in the neck.

Borrowing of Nazi imagery

The film's depiction of Commodus's entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl's Nazism, Nazi propaganda film ''Triumph of the Will'' (1935), although Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was itself inspired by the Roman Empire. ''Gladiator'' reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler's procession. The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot. The first thing to appear in ''Triumph of the Will'' is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then is shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene), leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, while Commodus is met by several girls who all give him bundles of flowers.

Legacy

Cultural influence

Prior to the release of ''Gladiator'', the Sword-and-sandal, swords and sandal genre had fallen out of public popularity by the mid-1960s following a string of expensive box office flops such as ''Cleopatra (1963 film), Cleopatra'' (1963) and ''The Fall of the Roman Empire (film), The Fall of the Roman Empire'' (1964). In the 1990s, the Epic film, historical epic genre saw a revival in popularity following the success of films such as ''Dances with Wolves, Dances With Wolves'' (1990), ''Schindler's List'' (1993), ''Braveheart'' (1995), ''Titanic (1997 film), Titanic'' (1997), and ''Saving Private Ryan'' (1998). ''Gladiator'' continued these films' realism with more of a focus on the Ancient history, Ancient History, which had not been explored extensively since the 1960s.

Retrospective reviews and film critics have noted that ''Gladiator'''s success spurred a revival of the historical epic genre with films during the 2000s such as ''The Last Samurai'' (2003), ''Troy (film), Troy'' (2004), ''The Alamo (2004 film), The Alamo'' (2004), ''King Arthur (2004 film), King Arthur'' (2004), ''Alexander (2004 film), Alexander'' (2004), ''300 (film), 300'' (2007), and its sequel ''300: Rise of an Empire'' (2014), ''Kingdom of Heaven (film), Kingdom of Heaven'' (2005), and ''Robin Hood (2010 film), Robin Hood'' (2010) (the last two were also directed by Scott). The gladiator arena set piece from the ''Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones'' (2002), which entered production shortly after the release of ''Gladiator'', has been compared to the arena setting in the film. While a majority of these films were critically and commercially successful in their own rights, ''The Guardian'''s Steve Rose argued that the historical epic revival devolved back into parody by 2007, as none of the films recaptures the impact of ''Gladiator''. Rose also argued that after twenty years, the film's story was more relevant now than it was then with its themes of populism and fascism. ''Cineramble'''s James Humphreys wrote on the film's twentieth anniversary that the swords and sandal epic revival was short-lived because studios and producers focused more on ''Gladiato''r's visuals rather than the quality of its storytelling and characters. Humphreys, however, argued that the film influenced several films in the Fantasy film, fantasy and Superhero film, superhero film genres more than the historical epic genre itself, with the film's aesthetics helping influence Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings (film series), The Lord of the Rings'' trilogy (2001-2003), the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2008–present), and the DC Extended Universe, DC Extended Unvierse (2013–present).

The film's mainstream success was also responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States. The Cicero biography ''Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician'' and Gregory Hays's translation of Marcus Aurelius's ''Meditations'' received large spikes in sales after the release of the film. According to ''The New York Times'', this has been dubbed the "Gladiator Effect".

''Gladiator'' had a cultural impact through various forms of media beyond cinema. The film influenced numerous television series such as ''Rome (TV series), Rome'' (2005-2007) and ''Game of Thrones'' (2011-2019). Jack Gleeson based his performance of Joffrey Baratheon in ''Game of Thrones'' on Phoenix's performance as Commodus. British-American underground hip-hop artist MF Doom's signature mask was inspired by the mask worn by Maximus in the film, having picked up one of the replicas that were sold following the film's success Dialogue such as "Are You Not Entertained," "Am I Not Merciful," "I Will Have My Vengeance," and "Strength and Honor" are among the most recognizable quotes and have become the subject of numerous internet memes. In 2009, Maximus was featured on 55Cent (currency), c "Australian Legends" postage stamp series, with Crowe attending a ceremony to mark the creation of the stamps.

Several members of the cast and crew have commented on the impact the film has had on their careers and its cultural legacy. In a 2020 interview with ''Yahoo!'', Möller remarked that he continues to get recognized by many people for his performance as Hagen. Scott considers the film one of the top three favorite films he has directed. Crowe noted that the quality of the film has helped find new fans twenty years on television after its release. When being interviewed by ''Den of Geek'' in 2020, Wick said this about the film's impact.

I think if you’ve been around for a while, one of the things you’ll learn is that if you look at a hundred years of movies, every cycle repeats, and it’s all about someone who will be able to reinvent it. Every 20 years there’ll be a vampire movie, and the 20-year-old versions usually start to look kitsch. Luckily with ''Gladiator'' that’s not the case.

Modern reception

Today, ''Gladiator'' is considered to be one of the greatest action films ever made, one of the greatest historical epic films ever made, and one of the greatest films of both the 2000s decade and 21st Century.

On their ''"''100 Best Movies Of All Time list"'', Empire (magazine), Empire'' ranked the film as the thirty-ninth best film ever made, and would also rank the film as the twenty-second best film of the 21st Century. ''Gladiator'' was also named one of the best films of the 21st Century by ''The Guardian'', and was also included in ''Rotten Tomatoes''' "The 140 Essential 2000 Movies." ''Den of Geek'' and ''Collider (website), Collider'' both named the film as the best historical epic ever made, and one of ''The Guardian'''s twenty-five best action and war films. Numerous websites including New York (magazine), ''Vulture'' and /Film named ''Gladiator'' in the top ten films from Scott. The film is also included in the book ''1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die''. The ''American Film Institute'' included ''Gladiator'' as one of the four-hundred films nominated for their ''AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)'' list, while ranking Maximus as the fiftieth greatest hero in film. The character of Maximus was placed 12th in the ''Total Film'' list of 50 best movie heroes and villains and 35th in the Empire (film magazine), ''Empire'''s 100 Greatest Movie Characters. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, ''Gladiator'' has an approval rating of 79% based on 251 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While not everyone will be entertained by ''Gladiator''s glum revenge story, Russell Crowe thunderously wins the crowd with a star-making turn that provides Ridley Scott's opulent resurrection of Rome a bruised heart." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Future

In June 2001, developments for a ''Gladiator'' follow-up began in the form of potential for either a prequel or a sequel, with David Franzoni in early negotiations to once again serve as screenwriter. The following year, a sequel was announced to be moving forward with John Logan serving as screenwriter. The plot, set fifteen years later, included the Praetorian Guards rule Rome and an older-aged Lucius searching for the truth about his biological father. Franzoni signed on as producer, alongside Douglas Wick, and Walter Parkes. In December 2002, the film's plot was announced to include prequel events regarding the parentage of Lucius, as well as sequel events depicting the resurrection of Maximus. Producers and Russell Crowe collaboratively researched extensively, ancient Roman beliefs regarding the afterlife. By September 2003, Scott announced that the script was completed, while confirming that the story would primarily center around the secret son of Maximus, being Lucius.

In May 2006, Scott stated that while development on the project continues, the exact story to the film has yet to be figured out. The filmmaker stated that all creative minds that were involved with ''Gladiator'', are working on how to continue from where the story left off. Scott stated that Crowe had favored a fantasy element with bringing Maximus back to life, while saying that he believed a Realism (arts), grounded History, historical-fiction approach was the better option. While he believes the film will not be made, he confirmed the plan to reveal that Lucius is the son of Maximus and Lucilla while comparing the necessity of a more complex script with the corruption of Rome in the potential sequel. During this time, Nick Cave was commissioned to write a new draft of the script. It was later revealed to be written under the working title of "Christ Killer". Cave described the plot as a "deities vs. deity vs. humanity" story. The premise involved Maximus in purgatory, who is resurrected as an immortal eternal warrior for the List of Roman deities, Roman gods. In the draft, Maximus is sent to Earth and tasked with stopping the momentum of Christianity by killing Jesus, Jesus Christ and His Disciple (Christianity), disciples, as their movement was gradually siphoning off the power and vitality of the ancient Paganism, Pagan gods. During his tasked mission, Maximus is tricked into murdering his own son. Cursed to live forever, Cave's script included Maximus fighting amongst the Crusades, World War II, WWII, and the Vietnam War; with the ending revealing that in the Present, modern-day time period, the character now works at The Pentagon. The script was ultimately rejected and scrapped.

After experiencing financial difficulties in the 2000s, DreamWorks Pictures - including the rights to ''Gladiator'' and the rest of the pre-2006 live-action film library - was sold to Paramount Pictures in 2006 and development on the sequel was halted. In March 2017, Scott revealed that the difficulties of reintroducing Maximus, when the character is deceased, had been resolved. The filmmaker expressed enthusiasm for the future of the project, while discussions with Russell Crowe to reprise his role were ongoing. In November 2018, it was announced that Paramount was officially green-lighting the development of a sequel. Scott was in early-negotiations to once again serve as director, with a script written by Peter Craig. Scott will additionally serve as producer alongside Doug Wick, Lucy Fisher, Walter Parkes, and Laurie MacDonald. The project will be a joint-venture production between Paramount, Scott Free Productions, and Walter F. Parkes, Parkes/MacDonald Productions with Universal as a co-financing partner. By June 2019, producers stated: "...we wouldn't touch unless we felt in a way to do it was legitimate." In their interview, they also revealed that the current script takes place 25–30 years after the first film. The plot will center around Lucius.

In April 2021, Chris Hemsworth approached Crowe with a proposal to become involved with the project, with intention to co-produce the film. While working together on ''Thor: Love and Thunder'', the two actors shared additional ideas for the film. By September 2021, Scott stated that the script was once again being worked on with his intention being to direct the sequel upon the completion of production on his current project, ''Napoleon (upcoming film), Napoleon''.

See also

* List of films set in ancient Rome
* List of historical period drama films

References

Sources

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Further reading

*Cyrino, Monica S
Gladiator and contemporary American society
na, 2004.
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*Hodges, Richard. "Escapism for lovers of Ridley Scott's Gladiator–CORRIGENDUM." Journal of Roman Archaeology 34, no. 2 (2021): 1000-1000.
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*Rushton, Richard. "Narrative and Spectacle in" Gladiator"." CineAction (2001): 34-43.
*Solomon, Jon
Gladiator from screenplay to screen
na, 2004.
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* Stephens, William (2012). "Appendix: Marcus, Maximus, and Stoicism in ''Gladiator'' (2000)", in
Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed
'. London: Continuum.
*Thomassen, Lasse. "Gladiator, Violence, and the Founding of a Republic." PS: Political Science & Politics 42, no. 1 (2009): 145–148.
*Tillman, Joakim. "Topoi and intertextuality: Narrative function in Hans Zimmer’s and Lisa Gerrard’s music to Gladiator." In Music in Epic Film, pp. 73–99. Routledge, 2016.
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*Weiner, Marc A. "Hollywood’s German Fantasy: Ridley Scott’s Gladiator’." Wagner and cinema (2010): 186-209.
*Wilson, Rob. "Ridley Scott’s Gladiator and the Spectacle of Empire: Global/Local Rumblings Inside the Pax Americana,’." European Journal of American Culture 21, no. 2 (2002): 62–73.

External links

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