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The COMMITTEE OF FIVE of the Second Continental Congress was a team of five men who drafted and presented to the Congress what would become America's Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776. This Declaration committee operated from June 11, 1776 until July 5, 1776, the day on which the Declaration was published. THE COMMITTEE The members of this group were: *
John Adams
Sherman , Franklin , Jefferson , Adams , and Livingston . (from left to right) DRAFTING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE The delegates of the United Colonies in Congress resolved to postpone
until Monday, July 1, the final consideration of whether or not to
declare the several sovereign independencies of the United Colonies ,
which had been proposed by the
North Carolina
On June 11, the
Committee of Five
THE FIRST DRAFT Certainly the committee, after discussing the general outline that the document should follow, decided that Jefferson would write the first draft. With Congress's busy schedule, Jefferson had limited time to write the draft over the ensuing 17 days. He then consulted with the others on the committee, who reviewed the draft and made extensive changes. Jefferson then produced another copy incorporating these alterations. Among the changes was the simplification of the phrase Life, Liberty
and the pursuit of Happiness , which Jefferson had phrased
"preservation of life, & liberty, "> The Committee of Five
presenting their work to the Congress on June 28, 1776. Painting by
John Trumbull
THE SIGNING Although not officially noted, the estimated time was 18:26 LMT (6:26pm local) for the recording of this historic vote. The Congress then heard the report of the Committee of the Whole and declared the sovereign status of the United Colonies the following day, during the afternoon of July 2. The Committee of the Whole then turned to the Declaration, and it was given a second reading before adjournment. LAST MINUTE ARGUMENTS On Wednesday, July 3, the Committee of the Whole gave the Declaration a third reading and commenced scrutiny of the precise wording of the proposed text. Two passages in the Committee of Five's draft were rejected by the Committee of the Whole. One was a critical reference to the English people and the other was a denunciation of the slave trade and of slavery itself. The text of the Declaration was otherwise accepted without any other major changes. Jefferson wrote in his autobiography, of the two deleted passages: “
The pusillanimous idea that we had friends in England worth keeping
terms with still haunted the minds of many. For this reason, THOSE
PASSAGES WHICH CONVEYED CENSURES ON THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND WERE STRUCK
OUT, lest they should give them offense. The clause, too, REPROBATING
THE ENSLAVING THE INHABITANTS OF AFRICA WAS STRUCK OUT in complaisance
to
South Carolina
As
John Adams
FAIR COPY The draft document as adopted was then referred back to the Committee
of Five in order to prepare a "fair copy," this being the
redrafted-as-corrected document prepared for delivery to the broadside
printer,
John Dunlap . And so the
Committee of Five
Historians have had no documentary means by which to determine the identity of the authenticating party. It is unclear whether the Declaration was authenticated by the Committee of Five's signature or the Committee submitted the fair copy to President Hancock for his authenticating signature, or the authentication awaited President John Hancock’s signature on the printer’s finished proof-copy of what became known as the Dunlap broadside Either way, upon the July 5 release of the Dunlap broadside of the Declaration, the Committee of Five’s work was done. THE DUNLAP BROADSIDE RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC Upon the July 5 release of the Dunlap broadside, the public could read who had signed the Declaration. Just one signature as attested by Secretary Charles Thomson . Memories of the participants proved to be very short on this particular historic moment. Not three decades had elapsed by which time the prominent members of the Committee of Five could no longer recollect in detail what actually took place, and by their active participation, on July 4 and 5 of 1776. And so during these early decades was born the myth of a one grand ceremonial general signing on July 4, by all the delegates to Congress. The myth continues to have a very long life. REFERENCES * ^ Maier, American Scripture, 97–105; Boyd, Evolution, 21.
* ^ Boyd, Evolution, 22.
* ^ Maier,American Scripture, 104.
* ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-06.
Retrieved 2010-02-18. , retrieved on October 29, 2013
* ^ Locke, John (1988) . Laslett, Peter, ed. Two Treatises of
Government. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. Sec. 87, 123,
209, 222. ISBN 052135448X .
* ^ Becker, Declaration of Independence, 4.
* ^ For verification of the afternoon July 2 date of this vote of
Congress, see Harold Eberlein Forgotten Leader of the Revolution
(American Faculty Press, 1975), Chapter 11: Independence 1776, p. 174.
See also Jane Harrington Scott, A Gentleman As Well As a Whig: Caesar
Rodney and the
American Revolution
* v * t * e Historical documents of the United States CONSTITUTION Preamble border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> * Preamble * I * II * III * IV * V * VI * VII AMENDMENTS RATIFIED * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19 * 20 * 21 * 22 * 23 * 24 * 25 * 26 * 27 PENDING * Congressional Apportionment * Titles of Nobility * Corwin (State Domestic Institutions) * Child Labor UNSUCCESSFUL * Equal Rights * District of Columbia Voting Rights SEE ALSO * List of Constitutional Amendments * Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–10) * Reconstruction Amendments (Amendments 13–15) * Amendment proposals in Congress * Conventions to propose amendments * State ratifying conventions FORMATION * History * Articles of Confederation * Mount Vernon Conference * Annapolis Convention * Philadelphia Convention *
Virginia
*
The Federalist Papers
*
Anti-Federalist Papers
*
Massachusetts
CLAUSES * Appointments * Appropriations * Assistance of Counsel * Bill of credit * Case or Controversy * Citizenship * Commerce * Compact * Compulsory Process * Confrontation * Contract * Copyright and Patent * Double Jeopardy * Due Process * Equal Protection * Establishment * Exceptions * Excessive Bail * Ex post facto * Extradition * Free Exercise * Free Speech * Fugitive Slave * Full Faith and Credit * General Welfare * Guarantee * Impeachment * Import-Export * Ineligibility (Emolument) * Militia * Natural-born citizen * Necessary and Proper * New States * No Religious Test * Oath or Affirmation * Origination * Petition * Postal * Presentment * Privileges and Immunities * Privileges or Immunities * Recommendation * Self-Incrimination * Speech or Debate * Speedy Trial * State of the Union * Supremacy * Suspension * Take Care * Takings * Taxing and Spending * Territorial * Title of Nobility * Treaty * Trial by Jury * Vesting * Vicinage * War Powers * List of clauses INTERPRETATION *
Concurrent powers
* Congressional enforcement
* Constitutional law
* Criminal procedure
* Criminal sentencing
* Dormant
Commerce Clause
SIGNATORIES CONVENTION PRESIDENT *
George Washington
NEW HAMPSHIRE * John Langdon * Nicholas Gilman MASSACHUSETTS * Nathaniel Gorham * Rufus King CONNECTICUT * William Samuel Johnson * Roger Sherman NEW YORK *
Alexander Hamilton
NEW JERSEY * William Livingston * David Brearley * William Paterson * Jonathan Dayton PENNSYLVANIA * Benjamin Franklin * Thomas Mifflin * Robert Morris * George Clymer * Thomas Fitzsimons * Jared Ingersoll * James Wilson * Gouverneur Morris DELAWARE * George Read * Gunning Bedford Jr. * John Dickinson * Richard Bassett * Jacob Broom MARYLAND * James McHenry * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer * Daniel Carroll VIRGINIA * John Blair
*
James Madison
NORTH CAROLINA * William Blount * Richard Dobbs Spaight * Hugh Williamson SOUTH CAROLINA *
John Rutledge
GEORGIA * William Few * Abraham Baldwin CONVENTION SECRETARY * William Jackson Display and legacy * National Archives * Charters of Freedom Rotunda * Independence Mall
* Constitution Day
*
Constitution Gardens
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PRIMARY AUTHOR *
Thomas Jefferson
SIGNATORIES PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS *
John Hancock
NEW HAMPSHIRE * Josiah Bartlett * William Whipple * Matthew Thornton MASSACHUSETTS *
Samuel Adams
RHODE ISLAND * Stephen Hopkins * William Ellery CONNECTICUT * Roger Sherman * Samuel Huntington * William Williams * Oliver Wolcott NEW YORK * William Floyd * Philip Livingston * Francis Lewis * Lewis Morris NEW JERSEY * Richard Stockton * John Witherspoon * Francis Hopkinson * John Hart * Abraham Clark PENNSYLVANIA * Robert Morris * Benjamin Rush * Benjamin Franklin * John Morton * George Clymer * James Smith * George Taylor * James Wilson * George Ross DELAWARE * George Read * Caesar Rodney * Thomas McKean MARYLAND *
Samuel Chase
VIRGINIA *
George Wythe
*
Richard Henry Lee
*
Thomas Jefferson
NORTH CAROLINA * William Hooper * Joseph Hewes * John Penn SOUTH CAROLINA * Edward Rutledge * Thomas Heyward Jr. * Thomas Lynch Jr. * Arthur Middleton GEORGIA * Button Gwinett * Lyman Hall * George Walton SEE ALSO *
Virginia
* Document\'s history * signing * portrait * Second Continental Congress * " All men are created equal " * " Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness " * " Consent of the governed " *
Independence Hall
*
American Revolution
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION SIGNATORIES PRIMARY DRAFTER NEW HAMPSHIRE * Josiah Bartlett * John Wentworth Jr. MASSACHUSETTS *
John Hancock
RHODE ISLAND * William Ellery * Henry Marchant * John Collins CONNECTICUT * Roger Sherman * Samuel Huntington * Oliver Wolcott * Titus Hosmer * Andrew Adams NEW YORK * James Duane * Francis Lewis * William Duer * Gouverneur Morris NEW JERSEY * John Witherspoon * Nathaniel Scudder PENNSYLVANIA * Robert Morris * Daniel Roberdeau * Jonathan Bayard Smith * William Clingan * Joseph Reed DELAWARE * Thomas McKean * John Dickinson * Nicholas Van Dyke MARYLAND * John Hanson * Daniel Carroll VIRGINIA * Richard Henry Lee * John Banister * Thomas Adams * John Harvie * Francis Lightfoot Lee NORTH CAROLINA * John Penn * Cornelius Harnett * John Williams SOUTH CAROLINA *
Henry Laurens
GEORGIA * John Walton * Edward Telfair * Edward Langworthy SEE ALSO *
Continental Congress
*
Congress of the Confederation
*
American Revolution
CONTINENTAL ASSOCIATION SIGNATORIES PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS NEW HAMPSHIRE * John Sullivan * Nathaniel Folsom MASSACHUSETTS BAY *
Thomas Cushing
*
Samuel Adams
RHODE ISLAND * Stephen Hopkins * Samuel Ward CONNECTICUT * Eliphalet Dyer * Roger Sherman * Silas Deane NEW YORK * Isaac Low * John Alsop * John Jay * James Duane * Philip Livingston * William Floyd * Henry Wisner * Simon Boerum NEW JERSEY *
James Kinsey
*
William Livingston
*
Stephen Crane
* Richard Smith
*
John De Hart
PENNSYLVANIA * Joseph Galloway * John Dickinson * Charles Humphreys * Thomas Mifflin * Edward Biddle * John Morton * George Ross THE LOWER COUNTIES * Caesar Rodney * Thomas McKean * George Read MARYLAND *
Matthew Tilghman
* Thomas Johnson, Junr
*
William Paca
*
Samuel Chase
VIRGINIA *
Richard Henry Lee
*
George Washington
NORTH CAROLINA * William Hooper * Joseph Hewes * Richard Caswell SOUTH CAROLINA *
Henry Middleton
* Thomas Lynch
*
Christopher Gadsden
*
John Rutledge
SEE ALSO *
Virginia
* v * t * e
Thomas Jefferson
* 3rd
President of the United States
Founding documents of the United States * A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) * Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775) * Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775) * 1776 Declaration of Independence * Committee of Five * authored * physical history * "All men are created equal" * "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" * "Consent of the governed" * 1786
Virginia
* freedom of religion FRENCH REVOLUTION * Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) PRESIDENCY * Inaugural Address (1801
* 1805)
*
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
*
Louisiana Purchase
*
Corps of Discovery
* Red River Expedition * Pike Expedition * Cumberland Road *
Embargo Act of 1807
* Chesapeake–Leopard Affair * Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 * First Barbary War * Native American policy * Marbury v. Madison * West Point Military Academy * State of the Union Addresses (texts * 1801 * 1802 * 1805) * Cabinet * Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments * Early life and career * Founder, University of
Virginia
* history * Northwest Ordinance 1787 * Anti-Administration party * Democratic-Republican Party * First Party System * republicanism * Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and
Measure of the United States (1790)
* Kentucky and
Virginia
Jeffersonian architecture * Barboursville * Farmington * gardens * University of
Virginia
* The Rotunda
*
The Lawn
*
Virginia
OTHER WRITINGS * Notes on the State of
Virginia
RELATED * Age of Enlightenment * American Enlightenment * American Philosophical Society *
American Revolution
* patriots * Member,
Virginia
* Residence Act * Jefferson–Hemings controversy * Betty Hemings * Separation of church and state
* Swivel chair
* The American Museum magazine
*
Virginia
ELECTIONS * United States Presidential election 1796 * 1800 * 1804 LEGACY * Bibliography
*
Jefferson Memorial
*
Mount Rushmore
* Currency depictions * Jefferson nickel * Two-dollar bill * U.S. postage stamps POPULAR CULTURE *
Ben and Me (1953 short)
* 1776 (1969 musical
* 1972 film )
*
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
*
Thomas Jefferson
FAMILY *
Peter Jefferson (father)
*
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
*
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
*
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
* Isham Randolph (grandfather)
*
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
*
Martha Jefferson (wife)
*
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
*
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
*
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
*
Madison Hemings (son)
*
Eston Hemings
* ← JOHN ADAMS * JAMES MADISON → * CATEGORY * v * t * e January 6, 1706 – April 17, 1790 President of
Pennsylvania
Founding of the United States * Join, or Die (1754 political cartoon) * Albany Plan of Union * Hutchinson Letters Affair * Committee of Secret Correspondence * Committee of Five * Declaration of Independence * Franco-American alliance * Treaty of Amity and Commerce * Treaty of Alliance *
Staten Island Peace Conference
* Treaty of Paris, 1783
* Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
*
Pennsylvania
Inventions, other events * Franklin\'s electrostatic machine * Bifocals * Franklin stove * Glass armonica * Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart * Lightning rod * Kite experiment * Pay it forward * 111th Infantry Regiment * Junto club
*
American Philosophical Society
*
Library Company of Philadelphia
*
Pennsylvania
* The Academy and College of Philadelphia * University of
Pennsylvania
*
Philadelphia Contributionship
*
Union Fire Company
*
Early American currency
* United States Postal Service
* President,
Pennsylvania
WRITINGS *
Silence Dogood letters (1722)
*
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725)
*
The Busy-Body letters (1729)
*
Pennsylvania
LEGACY *
Franklin Court
* In popular culture *
Ben and Me (1953 short)
*
Ben Franklin in Paris (1964 musical play)
* 1776 (1969 musical
* 1972 film )
*
Benjamin Franklin (1974 miniseries)
*
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
* Liberty\'s Kids (2002 animated series)
*
Benjamin Franklin (2002 documentary series)
*
John Adams
* Refunding Certificate * Franklin half dollar * One-hundred dollar bill * Washington-Franklin stamps * other stamps * Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin * Franklin Field * State of Franklin * Ships named USS Franklin * Ben Franklin effect RELATED * Age of Enlightenment * American Enlightenment * The New-England Courant * The American Museum magazine *
American Revolution
* patriots FAMILY *
Deborah Read (wife)
*
Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
* Francis Franklin (son)
*
William Franklin
* v * t * e * 2nd President of the United States, 1797–1801 * 1st Vice President of the United States, 1789–1797 * U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1785–1788 * U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands, 1782–1788 * Delegate, Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778 * Delegate, First Continental Congress, 1774 Founding of the United States * Braintree Instructions (1765) * Boston Massacre defense * Continental Association * Novanglus; A History of the Dispute with America, From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time (1775) * Thoughts on Government (1776) * Declaration of Independence * May 15 preamble * Committee of Five * Treaty of Amity and Commerce * Treaty of Alliance * Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779 * Staten Island Peace Conference * Constitution of
Massachusetts
PRESIDENCY * Inauguration * Quasi War with France *
XYZ Affair
* Commerce Protection Act
* United States Marine Corps
*
Convention of 1800
* Navy Department Library * Treaty of Tellico * Treaty of Tripoli * State of the Union Address (1797 * 1798 * 1799 * 1800) * Cabinet * Federal judiciary appointments OTHER WRITINGS *
Massachusetts
Life and homes * Early life and education * Adams National Historical Park *
John Adams
*
Massachusetts
ELECTIONS * United States presidential election 1788–1789 * 1792 * 1796 * 1800 LEGACY * Adams House at Harvard University
*
John Adams
POPULAR CULTURE * Profiles in Courage (1964 series)
*
American Primitive (1969 play)
* 1776 (1969 musical
* 1972 film)
*
The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries)
*
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
* Liberty\'s Kids (2002 animated series)
*
John Adams
RELATED * "Adams and Liberty" campaign song
* Adams\' personal library
*
American Enlightenment
*
Congress Hall
*
Federalist Party
* Federalist Era * First Party System * republicanism * American Philosophical Society * Gazette of the United States * The American Museum *
American Revolution
* patriots FAMILY * wife * Quincy family *
Abigail Adams
*
John Quincy Adams
* son * presidency * Charles Adams (son)
* Thomas Boylston Adams (son)
* George W. Adams (grandson)
* Charles Adams Sr. (grandson)
*
John Adams
* daughter-in-law * First Lady * ← GEORGE WASHINGTON * THOMAS JEFFERSON → * CATEGORY Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Five additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. * Privacy policy * About * Disclaimers * Contact * Developers * Cookie statement * Mobile view * *
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