''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of
fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
that are symbionts to plants as
endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; h ...
s (living within the plant) or
phytopathogen
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomyc ...
s. Many of the species in this genus are
plant pathogens, but some species may have a
mutualistic relationship with
hosts
A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it.
Host may also refer to:
Places
*Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County
People
*Jim Host (born 1937), American businessman
*Michel Host ( ...
.
History
The history of the ''Colletotrichum'' genus is a case study on the tension between the
lumpers and splitters
Lumpers and splitters are opposing factions in any discipline that has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper–splitter problem occurs when there is the desire to create classifications and assign examples t ...
. While the genus ''Colletotrichum'' was first proposed in 1831, the exact definition of ''Colletotrichum'' and the species that belong in this genus has been in flux ever since.
The biggest recent shift has been from a definition (of both the genus and the species within it) based on
morphology
Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to:
Disciplines
* Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts
* Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...
to a definition based on a combination of morphology and
molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
.
The use of molecular phylogenetics has led to a huge increase in the number of recognized species in this genus, and the species are now organized into
species complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...
es that usually have the name of their most widely known species. The name of a species when referring its namesake species complex will often have the suffix s.l. or sensu lato (in the broad sense) while that same name when referring to the specific species within the species complex will have the suffix of s.s. or sensu stricto (in the strict sense).
The most recent assessment of this genus identifies 248 species, most of which are categorized into 14 species complexes.
If history is any indicator of the future, then the list of species complexes and species within this genus will continue to be redefined and reorganized as more information becomes available.
Species and species complexes
''Colletotrichum acutatum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum abscissum''
''
Colletotrichum acerbum''
''
Colletotrichum acutatum
''Colletotrichum acutatum'' is a plant pathogen and endophyte. It is the organism that causes the most destructive fungal disease, anthracnose, of lupin species worldwide.
It also causes the disease postbloom fruit drop on many varieties of citru ...
'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum arboricola''
''
Colletotrichum australe''
''
Colletotrichum brisbanense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum cairnsense''
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Colletotrichum carthami''
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Colletotrichum chrysanthemi''
''
Colletotrichum citri
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum cosmi
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum costaricense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum cuscutae
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungus, fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have ...
''
''
Colletotrichum eriobotryae
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum fioriniae
''Colletotrichum fioriniae'' is a fungal plant pathogen and endophyte of fruits and foliage of many broadleaved plants worldwide. It causes diseases on agriculturally important crops, including anthracnose of strawberry, ripe rot of grapes, bi ...
''
''
Colletotrichum godetiae
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum guajavae
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum indonesiense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum javanense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum johnstonii''
''
Colletotrichum kinghornii
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungus, fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have ...
''
''
Colletotrichum laticiphilum''
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Colletotrichum lauri''
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Colletotrichum limetticola''
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Colletotrichum lupini''
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Colletotrichum melonis''
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Colletotrichum nymphaeae''
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Colletotrichum paranaense''
''
Colletotrichum paxtonii
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum phormii''
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Colletotrichum pyricola''
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Colletotrichum rhombiforme''
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Colletotrichum roseum''
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Colletotrichum salicis''
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Colletotrichum scovillei''
''
Colletotrichum simmondsii''
''
Colletotrichum sloanei''
''
Colletotrichum tamarilloi''
''
Colletotrichum walleri''
''
Colletotrichum wanningense''
''Colletotrichum agaves'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum agaves'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum euphorbiae''
''
Colletotrichum ledebouriae''
''
Colletotrichum neosansevieriae''
''
Colletotrichum sansevieriae''
''Colletotrichum boninense'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum annellatum''
''
Colletotrichum beeveri''
''
Colletotrichum boninense'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum brasiliense''
''
Colletotrichum brassicicola''
''
Colletotrichum camelliae-japonicae''
''
Colletotrichum catinaense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungus, fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have ...
''
''
Colletotrichum citricola''
''
Colletotrichum colombiense''
''
Colletotrichum condaoense''
''
Colletotrichum constrictum''
''
Colletotrichum cymbidiicola''
''
Colletotrichum dacrycarpi''
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Colletotrichum doitungense''
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Colletotrichum feijoicola''
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Colletotrichum hippeastri''
''
Colletotrichum karstii''
''
Colletotrichum limonicola''
''
Colletotrichum novae-zelandiae
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungus, fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have ...
''
''
Colletotrichum oncidii''
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Colletotrichum parsonsiae''
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Colletotrichum petchii''
''
Colletotrichum phyllanthi''
''
Colletotrichum torulosum''
''
Colletotrichum watphraense''
''Colletotrichum dematium'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum anthrisci''
''
Colletotrichum circinans''
''
Colletotrichum dematium
''Colletotrichum dematium'' is a plant pathogen causing anthracnose
A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefo ...
'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum eryngiicola''
''
Colletotrichum fructi''
''
Colletotrichum hemerocallidis''
''
Colletotrichum insertae''
''
Colletotrichum jinshuiense''
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Colletotrichum kakivorum''
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Colletotrichum lineola''
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Colletotrichum menispermi''
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Colletotrichum orchidis''
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Colletotrichum parthenocissicola''
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Colletotrichum sambucicola''
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Colletotrichum sedi''
''
Colletotrichum sonchicola
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum spinaciae''
''Colletotrichum destructivum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum americae-borealis''
''
Colletotrichum antirrhinicola''
''
Colletotrichum atractylodicola''
''
Colletotrichum bryoniicola''
''
Colletotrichum destructivum'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum fuscum''
''
Colletotrichum higginsianum''
''
Colletotrichum lentis''
''
Colletotrichum lini''
''
Colletotrichum ocimi''
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Colletotrichum panacicola''
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Colletotrichum pisicola''
''
Colletotrichum shisoi''
''
Colletotrichum tabacum
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum tanaceti''
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Colletotrichum utrechtense''
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Colletotrichum vignae''
''Colletotrichum dracaenophilum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum cariniferi''
''
Colletotrichum coelogynes''
''
Colletotrichum dracaenophilum'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum excelsum-altitudinum''
''
Colletotrichum parallelophorum''
''
Colletotrichum tongrenense''
''
Colletotrichum tropicicola''
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Colletotrichum yunnanense''
''Colletotrichum gigasporum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum arxii''
''
Colletotrichum chiangraiense''
''
Colletotrichum gigasporum'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum jishouense''
''
Colletotrichum magnisporum''
''
Colletotrichum pseudomajus''
''
Colletotrichum radicis''
''
Colletotrichum serranegrense''
''
Colletotrichum vietnamense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum aenigma''
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Colletotrichum aeschynomenes''
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Colletotrichum alatae''
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Colletotrichum alienum''
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Colletotrichum aotearoa''
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Colletotrichum arecicola''
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Colletotrichum artocarpicola''
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Colletotrichum asianum''
''Colletotrichum camelliae''
''
Colletotrichum changpingense''
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Colletotrichum chrysophillum''
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Colletotrichum cigarro''
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Colletotrichum clidemiae''
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Colletotrichum cobbittiense''
''
Colletotrichum conoides''
''
Colletotrichum cordylinicola''
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Colletotrichum endophytica''
''
Colletotrichum fragariae
''Colletotrichum fragariae'' is a fungal plant pathogen infecting strawberries. It is not a well known fungus, and there are many similar fungi that are related to it. It is part of the Colletotrichum genus. It is a pathogen that occurs in strawb ...
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''
Colletotrichum fructicola''
''
Colletotrichum fructivorum''
''
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
''Glomerella cingulata'' is a fungal plant pathogen, being the name of the sexual stage ( teleomorph) while the more commonly referred to asexual stage (anamorph) is called ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides''. For most of this article the pathoge ...
'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum grevilleae''
''
Colletotrichum grossum''
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Colletotrichum hebeiense''
''
Colletotrichum hederiicola''
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Colletotrichum helleniense''
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Colletotrichum henanense''
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Colletotrichum horii''
''
Colletotrichum hystricis''
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Colletotrichum jiangxiense''
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Colletotrichum kahawae''
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Colletotrichum makassarense''
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Colletotrichum musae''
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Colletotrichum noveboracense''
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Colletotrichum nupharicola''
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Colletotrichum pandanicola''
''
Colletotrichum perseae
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum proteae''
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Colletotrichum pseudotheobromicola''
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Colletotrichum psidii''
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Colletotrichum queenslandicum''
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Colletotrichum rhexiae''
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Colletotrichum salsolae''
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Colletotrichum siamense''
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Colletotrichum syzygiicola''
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Colletotrichum tainanense''
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Colletotrichum temperatum''
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Colletotrichum theobromicola''
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Colletotrichum ti''
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Colletotrichum tropicale''
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Colletotrichum viniferum''
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Colletotrichum wuxiense''
''
Colletotrichum xanthorrhoeae''
''
Colletotrichum yulongense''
''Colletotrichum graminicola-caudatum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum alcornii''
''
Colletotrichum axonopodi''
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Colletotrichum baltimorense''
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Colletotrichum caudasporum''
''
Colletotrichum caudatum
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum cereale''
''
Colletotrichum duyunensis''
''
Colletotrichum echinochloae''
''
Colletotrichum eleusines
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungus, fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have ...
''
''
Colletotrichum endophytum''
''
Colletotrichum eremochloae''
''
Colletotrichum falcatum
''Glomerella tucumanensis'' is a species of fungus
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These or ...
''
''
Colletotrichum graminicola'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum hainanense''
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Colletotrichum hanaui''
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Colletotrichum jacksonii''
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Colletotrichum miscanthi''
''
Colletotrichum navitas''
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Colletotrichum nicholsonii''
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Colletotrichum ochracea''
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Colletotrichum paspali''
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Colletotrichum somersetense
''Colletotrichum somersetense'' is a morphologically cryptic species described by J.A Crouch in 2014. This species belongs to '' Colletotrichum caudatum sensu lato'' and is a pathogen on warm-season grasses ('' Sorghastrum nutans''). Presence of ...
''
''
Colletotrichum sublineola''
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Colletotrichum zoysiae''
''Colletotrichum magnum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum brevisporum''
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Colletotrichum cacao''
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Colletotrichum liaoningense''
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Colletotrichum lobatum
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum magnum'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum merremiae''
''
Colletotrichum okinawense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''
Colletotrichum panamense''
''Colletotrichum orbiculare'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum bidentis''
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Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
''Colletotrichum lindemuthianum'' is a fungus which causes anthracnose, or black spot disease, of the common bean plant (''Phaseolus vulgaris''). It is considered a hemibiotrophic pathogen because it spends part of its infection cycle as a biotro ...
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''
Colletotrichum malvarum''
''
Colletotrichum orbiculare
''Colletotrichum orbiculare'' is a plant pathogen of melons and cucumber. It causes the disease anthracnose that can effect Cucurbitaceae, curcubits causing lesions on various parts of the plant. It can effect cucumbers, melon, squash (plant), sq ...
'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum sidae''
''
Colletotrichum spinosum''
''
Colletotrichum tebeestii''
''
Colletotrichum trifolii''
''Colletotrichum orchidearum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum aracearum''
''
Colletotrichum cattleyicola''
''
Colletotrichum cliviicola''
''
Colletotrichum musicola''
''
Colletotrichum orchidearum'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum piperis''
''
Colletotrichum plurivorum''
''
Colletotrichum sojae''
''
Colletotrichum vittalense
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
''
''Colletotrichum spaethianum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum bletillum
''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungus, fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have ...
''
''
Colletotrichum guizhouensis''
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Colletotrichum incanum''
''
Colletotrichum lilii''
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Colletotrichum liriopes''
''
Colletotrichum riograndense''
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Colletotrichum spaethianum'' sensu stricto
''
Colletotrichum tofieldiae''
''
Colletotrichum verruculosum''
''Colletotrichum truncatum'' species complex
''
Colletotrichum acidae''
''
Colletotrichum curcumae''
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Colletotrichum fusiforme''
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Colletotrichum jasminigenum''
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Colletotrichum truncatum
''Colletotrichum truncatum'' is a plant pathogen.
Symptoms
Symptoms appear as dark red to black lesions on the lower surface of the leaves. They appear as sunken lesions surrounded by a raised brown-black border on the pods, petioles and stems ...
'' sensu stricto
Singleton species
''
Colletotrichum chlorophyti''
''
Colletotrichum coccodes''
''
Colletotrichum hsienjenchang''
''
Colletotrichum metake''
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Colletotrichum nigrum''
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Colletotrichum phaseolorum''
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Colletotrichum pyrifoliae''
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Colletotrichum rusci''
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Colletotrichum sydowii''
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Colletotrichum trichellum''
Species names that are no longer valid or have been synonymized
*''
Colletotrichum arachidis''
*''
Colletotrichum capsici
''Colletotrichum capsici'' is a species of fungus and plant pathogen which causes leaf blight on ''Chlorophytum borivilianum'', basil, chickpea and pepper as well as dieback in pigeonpea and anthracnose in poinsettia
The poinsettia ( or ) ...
''
*''
Colletotrichum coffeanum''
*''
Colletotrichum crassipes''
*''
Colletotrichum derridis''
*''
Colletotrichum gossypii''
*''
Colletotrichum mangenotii''
*''
Colletotrichum sublineolum''
References
Further reading
*
*
*
* Hyde, K. D. ''et al''. 2009
''Colletotrichum'' - names in current use.''Fungal Diversity'' 39 147–83.
*
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10457032
Sordariomycetes genera