Climate of the Falkland Islands

The climate of the Falkland Islands is cool and temperate, regulated by the large oceans which surround it. The Falkland Islands are a British Overseas Territory located over from South America, to the north of the Antarctic convergence, where cooler waters from the south mix with warmer waters from the north.

Winds mostly come from the west, creating a difference between the relative levels of precipitation between the eastern islands and the western islands. The total annual rainfall is only about . Although snow falls, strong winds mean it often fails to settle.

The temperature of the islands fluctuates within a narrow band, not reaching higher than or lower than . There are long hours of daylight in the summer, although the actual number of hours of sunlight is limited by cloud cover.

Köppen classification

The Falkland Islands have a Oceanic climate, maritime climate in the transition region between the tundra climate, tundra and Subpolar oceanic climate, subpolar zones (Köppen climate classification, Köppen classifications ''ET'' and ''Cfc'' respectively). The climate is very much influenced by the cool Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic ocean and its northerly Patagonian current. The oceanic climatic type is characterised by both low seasonal and Diurnal temperature variation, diurnal temperature ranges and no marked wet and dry season while in the sub-arctic zone the average monthly maximum temperature exceeds for no more than four months of the year and the average monthly minimum does not drop below .

In addition to parts of the Falklands, a maritime subarctic climatic zone is found in parts of Iceland, coastal Iceland, Faroe Islands, northwestern coastal Norway, southern islands of Alaska and parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, the southern tip of Patagonia, South America and mountainous areas of Europe including the Scottish Highlands and southwestern Norway.

Sunshine

During summer the Falklands experience long daylight hours. During summer, the islands run on Daylight Saving Time, at UTC −3 as opposed to the normal time of UTC −4, entering summer time at on the first Sunday of September and leaving it on on the third Sunday of April. However, due to cloud cover, the average number of hours in summer with direct sunlight is only 6 hours. The average number in winter is only 2–3. In 2011, the Falkland Islands government announced that the islands will remain on summer time during the winter, when the clocks would normally be set back.

Winds

The winds moving over the islands are mostly westerly winds. There is almost no seasonal variation in wind direction, which is less than for 60 percent of the time, from for 20–25 percent of the time, and and above 8–12 percent of the time. Gales are frequent, especially during winter. The average wind speed in Stanley is .

Temperature

The islands have cool temperatures, which fluctuates in a narrow range. Average monthly temperatures range from around in January and February to around in June and July, corresponding with summer and winter. The maximum temperature reached is around in January, and the minimum is in July. The annual average is around .

The archipelago is located from the coast of South America, between 51° and 52°S. The location of the archipelago, to the north of the Antarctic convergence, helps to moderate the temperature as cool waters from Antarctica mix with warmer waters from the Atlantic.

Precipitation

Rainfall remains almost constant throughout the year, although it is low because of the archipelago's location to the east of South America. Owing to the westerlies and the shielding effect of the Andes, the western side of the archipelago is much drier than the eastern side, and mountain ranges are much wetter on their eastern slopes than their western slopes. Port Stanley and Port Howard on eastern islands both receive about of rainfall every year, as opposed to islands such as West Point Island, Westpoint which only receives a year. The overall rainfall for the archipelago is around . The flat areas, in particular Lafonia are the driest areas of the islands with precipitation in the range a year. Other writers have recorded an average of 310 mm per year in the west of the islands.

The rainfall in 2009 as recorded from 17 different stations in ''The Wool Press'' varied between 356 mm at Cape Dolphin and 898 mm at Port Howard.

During winter Rain and snow mixed, sleet and snow does fall, but it is temporary and does not often settle for long. Due to vegetation on the islands resembling a tundra, the ground remains damp as it is often impermeable to water.

Climate changes

The climate has become drier and warmer over the past 50 years, but it is predicted that the islands will become cooler with more rain and cloud cover. This is because melting Antarctic ice is predicted to result in cooler air from the south, counteracting warmer air from the north. Sea temperature has also risen steadily since the 1960s. Rainfall data suggests that it increased from 1910 to 1940, decreased until 1995, then began to increase again. Storms are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity.

This information has been determined through meteorological data from 1923 to 1981, with most recent data not being fully analysed. The temperature of the sea around the archipelago fluctuates greatly around predicted values.

Climate statistics

References

{{South America topic, Climate of

Climate by country, Falkland Islands
Geography of the Falkland Islands