Climate of Chicago
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The climate of Chicago is classified as
hot-summer humid continental A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...
( Köppen: ''Dfa'') with hot humid summers and cold, occasionally snowy winters. All four seasons are distinctly represented: Winters are cold and often see snow with below 0 Celsius temperatures and windchills, while summers are warm and humid with temperatures being hotter inland, spring and fall bring bouts of both cool and warm weather and fairly sunny skies. Annual precipitation in
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
is moderate and relatively evenly distributed, the driest months being January and February and the wettest July and August. Chicago's weather is influenced during all four seasons by the nearby presence of
Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that o ...
.


Official locations

The
National Weather Service The National Weather Service (NWS) is an Government agency, agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weathe ...
office in Chicago has one of the longest periods of official weather records, dating back to 1870, though all the 1870 and 1871 weather records taken at 181 West Washington Street were lost in the
Great Chicago Fire The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned in the American city of Chicago during October 8–10, 1871. The fire killed approximately 300 people, destroyed roughly of the city including over 17,000 structures, and left more than 10 ...
. Of the two major airports located in Chicago, Midway Airport began observations in 1928, and O'Hare Airport began them in 1958. Both sites have served in the past as the official observation location, the latter being the current official station. Weather data from Midway Airport before July 1, 1942, and after January 16, 1980, and data from O'Hare Airport before January 17, 1980, are not part of the official climate record of Chicago. Here is a list of official weather observation locations for the Chicago office: ''Note: Some of the addresses prior to 1909 are different from the post-1909 addresses''


Classifications


Data


Seasons


Winter

Winter in Chicago is generally cold and snowy. The city typically sees less snow in winter than other major cities near the
Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...
, such as
Cleveland Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
or Buffalo, but more snow than that experienced on the East Coast in cities like
Washington DC ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
or
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
. Seasonal snowfall in the city has ranged from (in 1920–21) up to (in 1978–79), and the average annual snowfall in Chicago is 36 inches (91 cm). Most winters produce many snow falls during the season in light accumulations of around . Cities on the other side of Lake Michigan usually receive more snow than Chicago because of the
lake-effect snow Lake-effect snow is produced during cooler atmospheric conditions when a cold air mass moves across long expanses of warmer lake water. The lower layer of air, heated up by the lake water, picks up water vapor from the lake and rises up through ...
that falls on these communities, even though northeasterly winds can sometimes bring lake-effect snow to Chicago area too. However, every three years or so during the winter Chicago experiences a heavier snowstorm that can produce over of snow over a 1- to 3-day period, a level of snowfall very often seen in cities on the " snowbelt" on other side of the lake such as
Grand Rapids, Michigan Grand Rapids is a city and county seat of Kent County, Michigan, Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the city had a population of 198,917 which ranks it as the List of municipalities in Mi ...
,
Kalamazoo, Michigan Kalamazoo ( ) is a city in the southwest region of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Kalamazoo County. At the 2010 census, Kalamazoo had a population of 74,262. Kalamazoo is the major city of the Kalamazoo-Portage Metropolit ...
, and
South Bend, Indiana South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, St. Joseph County, Indiana, on the St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan), St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2020 United S ...
. Winter temperatures are generally cold. However, like much of the northern USA, can vary tremendously within the span of one week. The daily average high temperature in January at O'Hare is with the average daily low of and the daily mean of . Temperatures drop to or below on 5.5 nights annually at Midway and 8.2 nights at O'Hare and up to 10–14 nights in some far western and northern suburbs, although subzero (°F) readings in the absence of snow cover are rare. There have been streaks of multiple winter seasons without a single subzero reading, yet there have also been winters with 20 or more subzero readings. The highest temperature recorded during the meteorological winter months of December, January, and February is , set on February 27, 1976. The lowest temperature recorded during meteorological winter is , set on January 20, 1985. In addition, the all-time record low maximum temperature of was set on December 24, 1983, and tied on January 18, 1994. However, in late January 2019, a violent polar vortex drifted southward, enveloping the city in new record-breaking temperatures as low as on January 30, though the city just missed out on tying the all-time record low maximum temperature, recording a high of one day during the outbreak. Wind speeds reached at least 20 miles per hour, exacerbating the
wind chill Wind chill or windchill (popularly wind chill factor) is the lowering of body temperature due to the passing-flow of lower-temperature air. Wind chill numbers are always lower than the air temperature for values where the formula is valid. When ...
effect. The warming effect of Lake Michigan during the winter makes subzero temperatures somewhat less common on the lakefront than in the more inland parts of the city. Highs reach an average of 8.8 days each winter from December to February at Midway. Based on 30-year averages obtained from
NOAA The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (abbreviated as NOAA ) is an United States scientific and regulatory agency within the United States Department of Commerce that forecasts weather, monitors oceanic and atmospheric conditio ...
's National Climatic Data Center for the months of December, January and February, The Weather Channel ranked Chicago the sixth-coldest major U.S. city as of 2014. Although it is extremely rare, temperatures during late (astronomical) winter (generally March 1–20) can reach up to and well over . In 2012, there were eight days in the month of March with temperatures + (with a ninth day occurring in many suburban areas) during the record-breaking March 2012 North American heat wave. The last couple of days in this record-breaking stretch of warmth occurred after the vernal equinox.


Spring

Spring in Chicago is perhaps the city's most unpredictable season: Winter weather can persist until well into April or even into early May, with the 1953-54 winter in Chicago lasting from November until May, as measured by timespan between the first and last measurable snows of the season. Thunderstorms can occur any time of the year but are most prevalent in the springtime as the city's central location within the United States, as well as its lakeside location, makes it a center of conflicts between large volumes of warm and cold air, which can trigger a wide variety of severe weather. The most severe storms can contain large hail, damaging straight-line winds, flooding, and tornadoes. Since 1850, 17 tornadoes have struck the Chicago city limits. During thunderstorms, lightning strikes are seen to frequently hit Chicago's skyscrapers. Large snowfalls have occurred in late March and in early April. In 1970, over of snow fell in a storm that occurred on April 1–2. Twelve years later, Opening Day for the
Chicago White Sox The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago. The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf, and p ...
was postponed due to another snowfall that had occurred on April 5. Even more extraordinary, over of snow fell on March 25–26, 1930, which remains one of the city's five biggest recorded snowstorms despite it occurring past the
vernal equinox Spring equinox or vernal equinox or variations may refer to: * March equinox, the spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere * September equinox, the spring equinox in the Southern Hemisphere Other uses * Nowruz, Persian/Iranian new year which be ...
. The average date for last measurable snowfall (≥) is April 1. Temperatures vary tremendously in the springtime; at , March is the month with the greatest span between the record high and low. At O'Hare, temperatures as low as and have been recorded as late as April 7 and May 21, respectively. Conversely, in official records, the earliest high occurred on June 1, 1934, when official readings were taken closer to
Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that o ...
. Though rare, triple-digit heat has occurred in late May at
Midway Airport Chicago Midway International Airport , typically referred to as Midway Airport, Chicago Midway, or simply Midway, is a major commercial airport on the Southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, located approximately 12 miles (19 km) from the Lo ...
and in outlying suburban locations. Typically, the last freezing low of the season on average occurs on April 13 at Midway and ten days later at O'Hare. The highest temperature recorded during the meteorological spring months of March, April, and May is, officially, on May 31, 1934, when weather records were still taken near Lake Michigan. The lowest temperature recorded in meteorological spring is , set on March 4, 1873. During the springtime, the effects of Lake Michigan are most prevalent. During this season, the lake is still quite cold, as the effects of much warmer temperatures are slow to affect the large body of water of Lake Michigan. It is common for Lake Michigan shoreline and water temperatures to remain in the 40s even into May. If the winds blow from the east, or from Lake Michigan into the city, a wide discrepancy in temperatures in a matter of miles can be found, especially on particularly warm days. It is not uncommon for high temperatures to be officially recorded in the 80s or lower 90s °F (27–34 °C), particularly in early June, at O'Hare, Midway, and in suburban locations but to have temperatures be cooler along the immediate lakeshore.


Summer

On a typical summer day, humidity is usually moderately high, and temperatures ordinarily reach anywhere between . In July, it is not uncommon for the temperature to go around 90 and 93 °F (32 and 34 °C). Overnight temperatures in summer usually drop to around , although even in July and August there can be several nights where the temperature drops below , particularly during the cooler summers, and it is not uncommon to see temperatures plummet lower than . Conversely, on the other extreme, temperatures can on a rare basis remain above overnight, though this level of overnight warmth is generally limited to the city proper with its
urban heat island An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparen ...
effects along with Lake Michigan nearby. On such warm nights, especially during strong
heat wave A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. While definitions vary, a heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the ...
s, most suburban locations drop down to between but quickly rebound in the early morning hours. During such strong heat waves, the outlying suburban areas can record temperatures more than above city and lakeshore locations. A perfect example of such an occurrence happening, although considered "unofficial", occurred during the Dust Bowl years.
Midway Airport Chicago Midway International Airport , typically referred to as Midway Airport, Chicago Midway, or simply Midway, is a major commercial airport on the Southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, located approximately 12 miles (19 km) from the Lo ...
recorded a record eight consecutive 100 °F-plus days in July 1936. In that heat wave, temperatures at the lake remained in the middle and upper 90s Fahrenheit (middle 30s Celsius), whereas Midway Airport recorded temperatures over for nearly two weeks, peaking at on July 11. The official record high for Chicago for July 11 is also from 1936—but is recorded as just . Further west in what would today be the near and far suburbs (e.g. DuPage County and westward), temperatures reached a blistering or still higher at points during this massive heat wave. These extreme temperatures are not shown in the official records because daily weather observations were taken at the University of Chicago until 1942. The University of Chicago is close to the lake, which can and does reduce temperatures in the immediate shoreline area in the summer. The highest temperature recorded in Chicago during the meteorological summer months of June, July, and August, which is also additionally the all-time record high in the city, is , set on July 24, 1934, though at Midway Airport, a future observation site, the temperature reached . The lowest temperature recorded in the meteorological summer months is , set on June 4, 1945. In addition, the all-time record high minimum temperature of was set on July 29, 1916. Chicago's yearly precipitation comes in at an average of about , but during the summer, rain arises from short-lived hit-or-miss rain rather than actual prolonged rainfalls, and
thunderstorm A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak thunderstorms are someti ...
s also occur with regularity at night. Derechos are also common during the summertime, the most notable being, the August 4, 2008 derecho, which produced five tornadoes across the Chicago area and killed one person. In a normal summer, temperatures exceed on 23 days. Summer is both the rainiest and sunniest season in Chicago; only the three months of June through August experience more than 65% of possible sunshine. In July 2012, during the
2012 North American heat wave The Summer 2012 North American heat wave was one of the most severe heat waves in modern North American history. It resulted in more than 82 heat-related deaths across the United States and Canada, and an additional twenty-two people died in the ...
, Chicago reached and exceeded for three consecutive days at O'Hare Airport with highs reaching in the city and many suburban areas recording temperatures between . It was the first time in 65 years that Chicago had ever seen a triad of days. Chicago nearly recorded a fourth consecutive day, but the temperature reached 98 degrees at O'Hare in late morning before a weak cold front came through the area and cooled temperatures off slightly in the city area, holding in the lower 90s. The effects of the cold front did not affect many suburban areas, as temperatures reached or exceeded for a fourth consecutive day throughout much of the region. During the summer, Lake Michigan continues to have an effect on Chicago weather, but it is not as common or as strong as it is during the spring months. On very hot days, temperatures can still be cooler along the immediate shoreline and slightly inland of the lake if winds blow from the east. Temperatures can be held in the 70s or 80s in these areas while outlying and suburban areas temperatures are rising well into the 90s. Temperatures can also reach extreme levels of heat on the immediate shoreline, such as when the air temperature reached at Northerly Island during the aforementioned July 2012 heat wave.


Autumn

The extreme heat that Chicago is capable of experiencing during the height of the summer season can persist into the autumn season. Temperatures have reached as late as September 7 (with occurring as late as September 29), and temperatures have reached as late as October 6, which occurred in 1963, with a temperature of on that day. Conversely, temperatures have dropped to freezing overnight as early as September 23, and temperatures below have arrived as early as November 23. The first freeze of the season on average occurs on October 24 at Midway and 11 days earlier at O'Hare. Although extremely rare, temperatures at or above have been recorded into early December, most recently in 2012 when was recorded on December 3, some surrounding areas reaching temperatures as high as to . Autumn, in some ways, is a calmer season than any of the other three in Chicago. However, wild weather can and does occur in the region during this season. In most years, a period of warm weather, known as an Indian summer, occurs well after the autumnal equinox has occurred. In these so-called Indian summers, unusually warm weather can persist for several days well into October, and in particularly warm autumns, into November. For example, during the
2005 American League Division Series The 2005 American League Division Series (ALDS), the opening round of the 2005 American League Major League Baseball postseason, postseason, began on Tuesday, October 4, and ended on Monday, October 10, with the champions of the three AL division ...
, for both home games between the
Chicago White Sox The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago. The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf, and p ...
and the
Boston Red Sox The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight ...
, temperatures soared to near , despite the fact that it was already well into October. On top of that, during the same warm stretch in October 2005, for two consecutive days the overnight temperature failed to drop below , a rare occurrence for Chicago in October. The highest temperature recorded during the meteorological autumn months of September, October, and November is , set on back to back days, September 1–2, 1953, closely followed by Chicago's latest on September 7, 1960. The lowest temperature recorded during the meteorological autumn months is , set on November 29, 1872, and tied on November 24, 1950. Autumn can bring heavy rain showers, some of which are capable of producing serious flooding. As the winter solstice nears, the threat of a major winter or snowstorm grows, and there have been major winter storms around the Thanksgiving holiday, causing major delays at the city's two major airports. The first measurable ≥ snow on average falls on November 19. However, in the 2012–13 winter season, the first measurable snow did not fall until December 20, 2012, eclipsing the previous record of December 17, 1899. The 2012–13 autumn/winter season would fail to produce a daily maximum temperature below freezing until January 1, 2013, the first such time that has happened in Chicago weather records. The entire calendar year of 2012 did not record a temperature lower than . The largest snowstorm before the winter solstice dropped at Midway Airport in December 1929. During the autumn, the effects of Lake Michigan are usually reversed from the spring or summer, particularly in the late autumn. Temperatures near the immediate lakeshore can be a few degrees warmer than in outlying areas, especially during nighttime due to the delayed effects of cooler temperatures on the large body of water. It is rare, though possible, during the Indian summer when unusually warm temperatures are occurring in the inland areas of the city and suburbs for temperatures to be somewhat cooler along the lake as often happens during the spring season.


Extremes

The highest temperature ever recorded in the Chicago city limits is an unofficial on July 24, 1934, at
Midway Airport Chicago Midway International Airport , typically referred to as Midway Airport, Chicago Midway, or simply Midway, is a major commercial airport on the Southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, located approximately 12 miles (19 km) from the Lo ...
. The official reading of for that day was taken at the
University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chicago is consistently ranked among the b ...
campus near the shoreline off
Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that o ...
. The 105° high that day is the highest ''official'' temperature ever recorded in the city.Chicago's Official Records
National Weather Service. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
On July 29, 1916, the low temperature sank to only . Many suburban, exurban and rural locations have all-time records that have surpassed , many of which were set during a heat wave in July 1936, when a massive heat wave engulfed the entire Chicago and northern Illinois region, resulting in eight consecutive days at or above at Midway Airport, peaking at on July 11, 1936. Around the region, many sites recorded at least 10 days at or above 100°, including 15 consecutive days at or above 100 in south rural LaSalle, which recorded an average high temperature of for the month of July, 1936. Temperatures peaked as high as in Rockford. The official observations were taken at the University of Chicago, resulting in the official records remaining mostly in the mid-90s, with one day peaking at , masking the true nature of the heat wave and illustrating the power of
Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that o ...
's cooling effects in immediate shoreline areas. Official observations were not moved to Midway Airport in 1942. Summertime readings near the lake can be several degrees cooler than inland locations, especially if lake breezes are present, which suggests that the higher unofficial reading may also be accurate. During the
Chicago Heat Wave of 1995 The July 1995 Chicago heat wave led to 739 heat-related deaths in Chicago over a period of five days. Most of the victims of the heat wave were elderly poor residents of the city, who could not afford air conditioning and did not open windows or ...
, which killed 739 people, official temperatures reached at O'Hare Airport and at Midway; high humidity pushed the
heat index The heat index (HI) is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade. The result is als ...
to above actual air temperatures, resulting in heat indexes well over . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Chicago city limits is at O'Hare on January 20, 1985, though unofficial temperatures as low as have been recorded at Chicago Aurora Airport in far western suburbs and in the rural areas to the west of Chicago. On December 24, 1983, and January 18, 1994, the high temperature reached only . The greatest 24-hour precipitation, in a single calendar day, was at O'Hare on July 23, 2011,. The greatest amount of precipitation that fell in a 24-hour period was on August 13–14, 1987. That event also set the records for heaviest 6 and 12 hour rainfall amounts and contributed to August 1987's record rainfall. The heaviest calendar day snowfall was , again at O'Hare, on January 2, 1999. Daily snow depth has amassed as high as on January 14, 1979; , January 1979 alone holds the first 8 of the top 10 daily snow-depth measurements. Official monthly mean temperatures have ranged from in January 1977 to in July 1955, both recorded at Midway, while the annual mean temperature has ranged from in 1875, as recorded at the Roanoke Building, to , as recorded at O'Hare. The driest month on record has been September 1979 with a mere of rainfall, while the wettest is August 1987 with of rainfall; annual precipitation has ranged from in 1962 to in 2008.


Windy City

Chicago is known as the Windy City. The "Windy City" moniker did not originally refer to Chicago's climate. It is believed to have been created by a New York newspaper writer deriding Chicagoans' bluster as they promoted their city as the site of the 1893 Columbian Exposition. It is also believed to be called the "Windy City" because of politicians in the area blowing hot air. In terms of climate, Chicago is slightly windier than the average American city. Average wind speeds range from in summer to in spring.


Lake breeze

Chicago can be cooler and moister than other parts of Illinois because of its proximity to the relatively cooler waters of
Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that o ...
, effects which are most pronounced during spring and early summer. A frequent lakeshore breeze pushes much cooler, moister air into Chicago than the usual hot air of the Plains States (usually a moist air mass depending on upper-level circulation), but the effect can be so localized that only the immediate waterfront neighborhoods (both north and southside lake adjacent communities) are cooler than inland parts of the city. (This is where the oft-repeated weather-forecast phrase “cooler by the lake" comes from.) South, west and southwestern suburbs can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) warmer than the lakefront at some times of year. The lake breeze also has other effects, including dense
fog Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. Reprint from Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus, and is heavily influ ...
spilling into the city. Because of the closed-loop circulation pattern with a lake breeze that moves back and forth across the city, it is thought to significantly increase low-level
ozone Ozone (), or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope , breaking down in the lo ...
counts. Differing wind direction on either side of the thermal dividing line allows for sharp updrafts under certain conditions, favorable to
thunderstorm A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak thunderstorms are someti ...
development. Offshore or land breezes shutdown the lake breeze and can have the opposite effect, with over lake convection occurring, usually in mid- to late summer and autumn. As a general rule, the opposite trend occurs during the winter—winter temperatures are warmer along the lakeshore and downtown than inland.


Notes


References

{{ClimateUS Geography of Chicago
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
Climate of Illinois