''Climactichnites'' is an enigmatic, Cambrian fossil formed on or within sandy tidal flats around . It has been interpreted in many different ways in the past, but is now thought to be a

trace fossil A trace fossil, also known as an ichnofossil (; from el, ἴχνος ''ikhnos'' "trace, track"), is a fossil record of biological activity but not the preserved remains of the plant or animal itself. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, ...

of a slug-like organism that moved by crawling to on-shore surfaces, or near-shore, or burrowing into the sediment.

Morphology

There are two species within this ichnogenus, ''C. wilsoni'' and'' C. youngi''. ''C. wilsoni'' consists of paired lateral ridges between which are undulating bars and furrows oriented at an angle to the direction of travel, whereas ''C. youngi'' lacks the paired lateral ridges and consists only of undulating transverse bars and furrows. An additional trace fossil, called ''Musculopodus'', is sometimes found at the beginning of ''Climactichnites'' trails and represents the body imprint of the animal while it was stationary. ''Climactichnites'' range from 0.8 to 30 cm wide and may exceed ten feet long, making ''Climactichnites'' by far the largest Cambrian trace fossil. Based on measured ratios of ''Musculopodus'' imprints, the animal itself is estimated to have reached 69 cm long.

Occurrence

Currently, ''Climactichnites'' is known only from North America (Missouri, New York, Wisconsin, and Texas in the United States, and Quebec and Ontario in Canada), portions of which were submerged under a shallow equatorial sea during the Cambrian Period. The fossil is found in fine- to coarse-grained sandstones and orthoquartzites which represent sandy,

intertidal The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore, is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide (in other words, the area within the tidal range). This area can include several types of habitats with various species ...

beach deposits.

Microbial mats A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea, or bacteria alone. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces, but a few survive in deserts. ...

probably enabled the trace to be preserved.

Interpretation

Early attempts to interpret the fossil as the body of an alga or siphonophore are easily falsified. ''Climactichnites'' is now thought to represent the trail or burrow of an organism moving, respectively, on top of or through the sediment. The animal apparently had a muscular foot and moved by extending either side of its body alternately (sometimes both sides may have been extended in unison) to produce the v-shaped transverse bars. Certainly the animal lacked any appendages, as is evidenced by cross-cutting relationships of the trail with sedimentary structures such as ripple marks. While the identity of the trace-maker remains conjectural, ''Climactichnites'' was most likely produced by a large slug-like mollusc; modern gastropods have been observed to produce similar traces. Since it is often associated with surface-produced sedimentary structures, it may have been produced by one of the earliest animals to move about on land. The binding effect of microbial mats on the sediment surface is believed to have contributed to the exceptional preservation of ''Climactichnites'' trails.

References

* *Getty, P. R., and J. W. Hagadorn, 2006. Producing and preserving ''Climactichnites''. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, p. 475. *

External links

*{{cite web, url=http://www.backtothepast.com.mx/ebonino/html/blackberry_hill.html, language=italian, title=Blackberry hill lagerstatte :Includes additional photographs and information on ''Climactichnites'' from the exceptional Blackberry Hill localities.
Blackberry hill fossils
:Discusses a major source of ''Climactichnites'' trails. With useful photograph slideshow. Trace fossils Fossil trackways Cambrian life Incertae sedis