Chrysanthemic acid is an

organic compound In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. Th ...

that is related to a variety of natural and synthetic

insecticide Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed t ...

s. It is related to the pyrethrin I and II, as well as the

pyrethroid A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums ('' Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium'' and '' C. coccineum''). Pyrethroids are used as commercial and household insecticides. ...

s. One of the four

stereoisomer In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in ...

s, (1''R'',3''R'')- or (+)-''trans''-chrysanthemic acid (pictured), is the acid part of the ester

pyrethrin I Pyrethrin I is one of the two pyrethrins, natural organic compounds with potent insecticidal activity. It is an ester of (+)-''trans''- chrysanthemic acid with (''S'')-(''Z'')- pyrethrolone. Total synthesis The synthesis of pyrethrin I involves ...

, which occurs naturally in the seed cases of ''

Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemums (), sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus ''Chrysanthemum'' in the family Asteraceae. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the cent ...

cinerariaefolium''. Many synthetic pyrethroids, for example the

allethrin The allethrins are a group of related synthetic compounds used in insecticides. They are classified as pyrethroids, i.e. synthetic versions of pyrethrin, a chemical with insecticidal properties found naturally in ''Chrysanthemum'' flowers. They w ...

s, are esters of all four stereoisomers. Staudinger and Ružička named chrysanthemic acid in 1924.H. Staudinger, L. Ružička: "Insektentotende Stoffe H. Zur Konstitution der Chrysanthemummonocarbonsiiure und -dicarbonsiiure", Helv. Chem. Acta 7 (1924) 201

Biosynthesis

Chrysanthemic acid is derived from its

pyrophosphate In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a P–O–P linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate (Na2H2P2O7) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), among othe ...

ester, which in turn is produced naturally from two molecules of

dimethylallyl diphosphate Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; or alternatively, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP); also isoprenyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid precursor. It is a product of both the mevalonate pathway and the MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosyn ...

Industrial synthesis

Chrysanthemic acid is produced industrially in a cyclopropanation reaction of a

diene In organic chemistry a diene ( ) (diolefin ( ) or alkadiene) is a covalent compound that contains two double bonds, usually among carbon atoms. They thus contain two alk''ene'' units, with the standard prefix ''di'' of systematic nomenclature. ...

as a mixture of cis- and trans isomers, followed by hydrolysis of the ester: ChrysanthemicAcidSynthesis

Many pyrethroids are accessible by re-esterification of chrysanthemic acid ethylester.

References

{{Insecticides Monoterpenes Cyclopropanes Carboxylic acids