Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was an English writer of romantic, devotional and children's poems, including "

Goblin Market ''Goblin Market'' (composed in April 1859 and published in 1862) is a narrative poem by Christina Rossetti. The poem tells the story of Laura and Lizzie who are tempted with fruit by goblin merchants. In a letter to her publisher, Rossetti claim ...

" and "Remember". She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in Britain: "

In the Bleak Midwinter "In the Bleak Midwinter" is a poem by the English poet Christina Rossetti, commonly performed as a Christmas carol. The poem was published, under the title "A Christmas Carol", in the January 1872 issue of ''Scribner's Monthly,'' and was first c ...

", later set by

Gustav Holst Gustav Theodore Holst (born Gustavus Theodore von Holst; 21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934) was an English composer, arranger and teacher. Best known for his orchestral suite ''The Planets'', he composed many other works across a range ...

, Katherine Kennicott Davis, and Harold Darke, and "

Love Came Down at Christmas "Love Came Down at Christmas" is a Christmas poem by Christina Rossetti. It was first published without a title in ''Time Flies: A Reading Diary'' in 1885. It was later included in the collection ''Verses'' in 1893 under the title "Christmastide" ...

", also set by Darke and other composers. She was a sister of the artist and poet

Dante Gabriel Rossetti Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882), generally known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti (), was an English poet, illustrator, painter, translator and member of the Rossetti family. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhoo ...

and features in several of his paintings.

Early life and education

Christina Rossetti was born in

Charlotte Street Charlotte Street is a street in Fitzrovia, historically part of the parish and borough of St Pancras, in central London. It has been described, together with its northern and southern extensions (Fitzroy Street and Rathbone Place), as the '' ...

(now

Hallam Street Hallam Street is a road situated in the Parish of St Marylebone and London's West End. In administrative terms it lies within the City of Westminster's Marylebone High Street Ward as well as the Harley Street Conservation Area. Formerly nam ...

), London, to

Gabriele Rossetti Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti (28 February 1783 – 24 April 1854) was an Italian nobleman, poet, constitutionalist, scholar, and founder of the secret society Carbonari. Rossetti was born in Vasto in the Kingdom of Naples. He was Rom ...

, a poet and a political exile from

Vasto Vasto ( Abruzzese: '; grc, Ἱστόνιον, Histonion}, la, Histonium) is a ''comune'' on the Adriatic coast of the Province of Chieti, in southern Abruzzo, Italy. During the Middle Ages it was called d''Guastaymonis'', '' Vasto d'Aimone'' or ...

, Abruzzo, Italy, since 1824 and

Frances Polidori Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, ''later'' Rossetti, of London (27 April 1800 – 8 April 1886), was a scholar, daughter, wife, sister and mother of important writers and artists; she was the governess of her four children. She was also a model of ...

, the sister of

Lord Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English romantic poet and peer. He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, and has been regarded as among the ...

's friend and physician John William Polidori.Profile at Poets.org
/ref> She had two brothers and a sister: Dante Gabriel became an influential artist and poet, and William Michael and

Maria Maria may refer to: People * Mary, mother of Jesus * Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages Place names Extraterrestrial * 170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877 * Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, ...

both became writers. Christina, the youngest and a lively child, dictated her first story to her mother before she had learnt to write.Lindsay Duguid: "Rossetti, Christina Georgina (1830–1894)". ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: OUP, 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
/ref> Rossetti was educated at home by her mother and father, through religious works, classics, fairy tales and novels. Rossetti delighted in the works of

Keats John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet of the second generation of Romantic poets, with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. His poems had been in publication for less than four years when he died of tuberculos ...

, Scott,

Ann Radcliffe Ann Radcliffe (née Ward; 9 July 1764 – 7 February 1823) was an English novelist and a pioneer of Gothic fiction. Her technique of explaining apparently supernatural elements in her novels has been credited with gaining respectability for G ...

and Matthew Lewis. The influence of the work of

Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieri (; – 14 September 1321), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and often referred to as Dante (, ), was an Italian poet, writer and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called (modern Italian: '' ...

Petrarch Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited ...

and other Italian writers filled the home and impacted Rossetti's later writing. Their household was open to visiting Italian scholars, artists and revolutionaries. The family homes in Bloomsbury at 38 and later 50

were within easy reach of Madame Tussauds, London Zoo and the newly opened

Regent's Park Regent's Park (officially The Regent's Park) is one of the Royal Parks of London. It occupies of high ground in north-west Inner London, administratively split between the City of Westminster and the Borough of Camden (and historically betwee ...

, which she visited regularly. Unlike her parents, Rossetti was much of a London child and seemingly a happy one.Packer, Lona Mosk (1963) ''Christina Rossetti'' University of California Press, pp. 13–17. Christina Rossetti 2

In the 1840s, Rossetti's family faced financial troubles due to a deterioration in her father's physical and mental health. In 1843, he was diagnosed with persistent bronchitis, possibly tuberculosis, and faced losing his sight. He gave up his teaching post at King's College and though he lived another 11 years, suffered from depression and was never physically well again. Rossetti's mother began teaching to keep the family and Maria became a live-in governess, a prospect that Christina Rossetti dreaded. At the time her brother William was working for the Excise Office and Gabriel was at art school, leaving Christina increasingly isolated at home.Packer, Lona Mosk (1963) ''Christina Rossetti'' University of California Press, p. 20. When she was 14, she suffered a nervous breakdown and left school. Bouts of depression and related illness followed. During this period she, her mother and her sister became absorbed in the

Anglo-Catholic Anglo-Catholicism comprises beliefs and practices that emphasise the Catholic heritage and identity of the various Anglican churches. The term was coined in the early 19th century, although movements emphasising the Catholic nature of Anglica ...

movement that developed in the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britai ...

. Religious devotion came to play a major role in her life. In her late teens, Rossetti became engaged to the painter

James Collinson James Collinson (9 May 1825 – 24 January 1881) was a Victorian painter who was a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 to 1850. Life He was born at Mansfield, Nottinghamshire and was the son of a bookseller. He entered ...

, the first of three suitors. He, like her brothers Dante and William, was a founding member of the

avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, established in 1848.Packer, Lona Mosk (1963) ''Christina Rossetti'' University of California Press, p. 29. The engagement ended in 1850 when he reverted to

Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

. In 1853, when the family had financial difficulties, Christina helped her mother keep a school in Fromefield,

Frome Frome ( ) is a town and civil parish in eastern Somerset, England. The town is built on uneven high ground at the eastern end of the Mendip Hills, and centres on the River Frome. The town, about south of Bath, is the largest in the Mendip d ...

, but it did not succeed. A plaque marks the house. In 1854 the pair returned to London, where Christina's father died. She later became involved with the linguist Charles Cayley, but declined to marry him, also for religious reasons. A third offer came from the painter John Brett, whom she likewise refused. Rossetti sat for several of Dante Gabriel Rossetti's paintings. In 1848, she sat for the Virgin Mary in his first completed oil painting, '' The Girlhood of Mary Virgin'', and the first work he inscribed with the initials "PRB", later revealed as standing for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. The following year she modelled for his depiction of the Annunciation, '' Ecce Ancilla Domini''. A line from her poem "Who shall deliver me?" inspired a painting by Fernand Khnopff called ''I lock my door upon myself''. In 1849 she again became seriously ill with depression, and around 1857 had a major religious crisis.

Career

From 1842 Rossetti began writing down and dating her poems. Most of them imitated her favoured poets. In 1847 she began experimenting with verse forms such as sonnets, hymns and

ballad A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French ''chanson balladée'' or ''ballade'', which were originally "dance songs". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and ...

s, while drawing narratives from the Bible, folk tales and the lives of saints. Her early pieces often meditate on death and loss in the Romantic tradition. Her first two poems published were "Death's Chill Between" and "Heart's Chill Between", in the ''

Athenaeum Athenaeum may refer to: Books and periodicals * ''Athenaeum'' (German magazine), a journal of German Romanticism, established 1798 * ''Athenaeum'' (British magazine), a weekly London literary magazine 1828–1921 * ''The Athenaeum'' (Acadia U ...

'' magazine in 1848."Christina Rossetti (1830–1894)," eNotes.com, Web, 19 May 2011. She used the pseudonym "Ellen Alleyne" in the literary periodical, '' The Germ'', published by the Pre-Raphaelites from January to April 1850 and edited by her brother William. This marked the beginning of her public career.''The Cambridge Companion to English Poets'' (2011), Claude Rawson, Cambridge University Press, pp. 424–429. Rossetti's more critical reflections on the artistic movement her brother had begun were expressed in an 1856 poem "In the Artist's Studio". Here she reflects on seeing multiple paintings of the same model. For Rossetti, the artist's idealised vision of the model's character begins to overwhelm his work, until "every canvas means/the one same meaning." Dinah Roe, in her introduction to the Penguin Classics collection of Pre-Raphaelite poetry, argues that this critique of her brother and similar male artists is less about "the objectification of women" than about "the male artist's self-worship". Rossetti's first commercially printed collection, ''

Goblin Market and Other Poems ''Goblin Market and Other Poems'' is Christina Rossetti's first volume of poetry, published by Macmillan in 1862. It contains her famous poem " Goblin Market" and others such as "Up-hill", "The Convent Threshold", and "Maude Clare." It also incl ...

'', appeared in 1862, when she was 31. It was widely praised by critics, who placed her as the foremost female poet of the day. She was lauded by Gerard Manley Hopkins,

Algernon Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne (5 April 1837 – 10 April 1909) was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He wrote several novels and collections of poetry such as '' Poems and Ballads'', and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition ...

and

Tennyson Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was an English poet. He was the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria's reign. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his ...

. After its publication, she was named the natural successor to Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who had died the year before in 1861. The title poem, one of her best known, is ostensibly about two sisters' misadventures with goblins, but critics have seen it in various ways as an allegory of temptation and salvation, a comment on Victorian gender roles and female agency, and a work of erotic desire and social redemption. Rossetti worked voluntarily in 1859–1870 at the St Mary Magdalene house of charity in

Highgate Highgate ( ) is a suburban area of north London at the northeastern corner of Hampstead Heath, north-northwest of Charing Cross. Highgate is one of the most expensive London suburbs in which to live. It has two active conservation organisat ...

, a refuge for ex-prostitutes. It is suggested that ''Goblin Market'' may have been inspired by "fallen women" she came to know.Lona Mosk Packer, (1963), ''Christina Rossetti'', University of California Press, p. 155. There are parallels with

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 177225 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher, and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake ...

's ''

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' (originally ''The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere'') is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–1798 and published in 1798 in the first edition of ''Lyrical Ballad ...

'' in religious themes of temptation, sin and redemption by vicarious suffering. Swinburne in 1883 dedicated ''A Century of Roundels'' to Rossetti, as she adopted his

roundel A roundel is a circular disc used as a symbol. The term is used in heraldry, but also commonly used to refer to a type of national insignia used on military aircraft, generally circular in shape and usually comprising concentric rings of diff ...

form in a number of poems, for instance in ''Wife to Husband''. She was ambivalent about

women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...

, but many have found feminist themes in her work. She opposed

slavery in the United States The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Sl ...

, cruelty to animals in prevalent

vivisection Vivisection () is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a pejorative catch-all term for Animal testi ...

, and exploitation of girls in under-age prostitution. Rossetti kept a wide circle of friends and correspondents. She continued to write and publish for the rest of her life, mainly devotional work and children's poetry. In the years just before her death she wrote ''The Face of the Deep'', (1892) a book of devotional prose, and oversaw an enlarged edition of ''Sing-Song'', originally published in 1872, in 1893.Antony H. Harrison (2004), ''The Letters of Christina Rossetti Volume 4, 1887–1894'', University of Virginia Press, . She died late the next year. Grave of Christina Rossetti

Later life

In her later decades, Rossetti suffered from a type of

hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidis ...

– Graves' disease – diagnosed in 1872, suffering a near-fatal attack in the early 1870s. In 1893, she developed breast cancer. The tumour was removed, but there was a recurrence in September 1894. Christina Rossetti died on 29 December 1894 and was buried on New Year's Day 1895 in the family grave on the west side of

Highgate Cemetery Highgate Cemetery is a place of burial in north London, England. There are approximately 170,000 people buried in around 53,000 graves across the West and East Cemeteries. Highgate Cemetery is notable both for some of the people buried there as ...

. There she joined her father, mother and

Elizabeth Siddal Elizabeth Eleanor Siddall (25 July 1829 – 11 February 1862), better known as Elizabeth Siddal, was an English artist, poet, and artists' model. Significant collections of her artworks can be found at Wightwick Manor and the Ashmolean. Sidd ...

, wife of her brother Dante Gabriel. Her brother William was also buried there in 1919, as were the ashes of four subsequent family members. There is a stone tablet on the façade of 30 Torrington Square, Bloomsbury, marking her final home, where she died.

Recognition

Rossetti's popularity in her lifetime did not approach that of her contemporary Elizabeth Barrett Browning, but her standing remained strong after her death. Her popularity faded in the early 20th century in the wake of

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophy, philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western world, Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new fo ...

, but scholars began to explore Freudian themes in her work, such as religious and

sexual repression Sexual repression is a state in which a person is prevented from expressing their own sexuality. Sexual repression is often linked with feelings of guilt or shame being associated with sexual impulses. Defining characteristics and practices ass ...

, reaching for personal, biographical interpretations of her poetry. Academics studying her work in the 1970s saw beyond the lyrical sweetness to her mastery of prosody and versification. Feminists held her as symbol of constrained female genius and a leader among 19th-century poets. Her writings strongly influenced writers such as

Ford Madox Ford Ford Madox Ford (né Joseph Leopold Ford Hermann Madox Hueffer ( ); 17 December 1873 – 26 June 1939) was an English novelist, poet, critic and editor whose journals '' The English Review'' and ''The Transatlantic Review'' were instrumental in ...

Virginia Woolf Adeline Virginia Woolf (; ; 25 January 1882 28 March 1941) was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device. Woolf was born i ...

, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Elizabeth Jennings, and

Philip Larkin Philip Arthur Larkin (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985) was an English poet, novelist, and librarian. His first book of poetry, ''The North Ship'', was published in 1945, followed by two novels, ''Jill'' (1946) and ''A Girl in Winter'' (1947 ...

. The critic

Basil de Sélincourt Basil de Sélincourt (19 August 1876 – 16 February 1966) was a British essayist and journalist. In 1902 he married the orientalist Beryl de Zoete, but the marriage failed, and in 1908 he married the writer Anne Douglas Sedgwick (1873–1935). ...

called her "all but our greatest woman poet... incomparably our greatest craftswoman... probably in the first twelve of the masters of English verse." Rossetti's Christmas poem "

" became widely known in the English-speaking world after her death, when set as a Christmas carol by

and later by Harold Darke. Her poem "

" (1885) has also been widely arranged as a carol.ChurchofEngland.org, Holy Days calendar.
/ref> British composers receptive to Rossetti's verse included Alexander Mackenzie (''Three Songs'', Op. 17, 1878),

Frederick Cowen Sir Frederic Hymen Cowen (29 January 1852 – 6 October 1935), was an English composer, conductor and pianist. Early years and musical education Cowen was born Hymen Frederick Cohen at 90 Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica, the fifth and last c ...

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (15 August 18751 September 1912) was a British composer and conductor. Of mixed-race birth, Coleridge-Taylor achieved such success that he was referred to by white New York musicians as the "African Mahler" when ...

(''Six Sorrow Songs'', Op. 57, 1904),

Hubert Parry Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, 1st Baronet (27 February 18487 October 1918) was an English composer, teacher and historian of music. Born in Richmond Hill in Bournemouth, Parry's first major works appeared in 1880. As a composer he is be ...

Hope Squire Evelyn Hope Squire Merrick (1878–1936) was a British composer, pianist, and political activist who supported women's suffrage, vegetarianism, Esperanto, and new music. She opposed England’s participation in World War I. She published and per ...

, and

Charles Villiers Stanford Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (30 September 1852 – 29 March 1924) was an Anglo-Irish composer, music teacher, and conductor of the late Romantic era. Born to a well-off and highly musical family in Dublin, Stanford was educated at the ...

. In 1918,

John Ireland John Benjamin Ireland (January 30, 1914 – March 21, 1992) was a Canadian actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in ''All the King's Men'' (1949), making him the first Vancouver-born actor to receive an Oscar nomin ...

set eight poems from her ''Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book'' to music in his

song cycle A song cycle (german: Liederkreis or Liederzyklus) is a group, or cycle (music), cycle, of individually complete Art song, songs designed to be performed in a sequence as a unit.Susan Youens, ''Grove online'' The songs are either for solo voice ...

'' Mother and Child''. The poem "Song" was an inspiration for

Bear McCreary Bear McCreary (born February 17, 1979) is an American musician and composer of film, television, and video game scores based in Los Angeles, California. His work includes the scores of the television series ''Battlestar Galactica'' (2004), ''Age ...

's composition ''When I Am Dead'', published in 2015. Two of Rossetti's poems, "Where Sunless Rivers Weep" and "Weeping Willow", were set to music by Barbara Arens in her ''All Beautiful & Splendid Things: 12 + 1 Piano Songs on Poems by Women'' (2017, Editions Musica Ferrum). Rossetti's "Love is Like a Rose" was set to music by Constance Cochnower Virtue; "Love Me, I Love You," was set to music by Hanna Vollenhoven; and "Song of the Dawn" was set to music by Elise Fellows White. In 2000, one of many Millennium projects across the country was a poetry stone placed in what had been the grounds of North Hill House in Frome. On one side is an excerpt from her poem, "What Good Shall My Life Do Me": "Love lights the sun: love through the dark/Lights the moon's evanescent arc:/Same Love lights up the glow-worms spark." She wrote about her brief stay in Frome, which had "an abundance of green slopes and gentle declivities: no boldness or grandeur but plenty of peaceful beauty". In 2011, Rossetti was a subject of a Radio 4 programme, ''In Our Time''.BBC Radio 4, In our Time, 1 December 2011, Christina Rossetti
/ref> The title of

J. K. Rowling Joanne Rowling ( "rolling"; born 31 July 1965), also known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote ''Harry Potter'', a seven-volume children's fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007. The ser ...

's novel ''

The Cuckoo's Calling ''The Cuckoo's Calling'' is a 2013 crime fiction novel by J. K. Rowling, published under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. It is the first novel in the '' Cormoran Strike'' series of detective novels and was followed by ''The Silkworm'' in 2014, ...

'' (2013) follows a line in Rossetti's poem ''A Dirge''. Christina Rossetti is commemorated in the

calendar on 27 April.

Ancestry

Publications

Poetry collections

*''Verses'', London: privately printed, 1847 *''

'', London: Macmillan, 1862 **1876, author's revised edition *'' The Prince's Progress and Other Poems'', London: Macmillan, 1866 **''Goblin Market, The Prince's Progress, and Other Poems''. London: Macmillan, 1879 *''Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book'' (1872, 1893) *'' A Pageant and Other Poems'' (1881) *''Verses'', London:

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) is a UK-based Christian charity. Founded in 1698 by Thomas Bray, it has worked for over 300 years to increase awareness of the Christian faith in the UK and across the world. The SPCK is t ...

, 1893 *''New Poems'', London: Macmillan, 1896Christina Rossetti Bibliography
– UK First Edition Books," Bookseller World, Web, 19 May 2011. *''The Rossetti Birthday Book'', London: privately printed, 1896 *''The Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti'', ed.

William Michael Rossetti William Michael Rossetti (25 September 1829 – 5 February 1919) was an English writer and critic. Early life Born in London, Rossetti was a son of immigrant Italian scholar Gabriele Rossetti and his wife Frances Rossetti ''née'' Polidor ...

, London: Macmillan, 1904 *''The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti'', ed. Rebecca W. Crump with publication notes, in three volumes, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979–1985 *When I am Dead my Dearest

Fiction

''Commonplace and Other Stories''
London:

Ellis Ellis is a surname of Welsh and English origin. Retrieved 21 January 2014 An independent French origin of the surname is said to derive from the phrase fleur-de-lis. Surname A * Abe Ellis (Stargate), a fictional character in the TV series ' ...

, 1870 *''Speaking Likenesses'', London: Macmillan, 1874

Non-fiction

''Called to Be Saints''
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1881 *"Dante, an English Classic", ''Churchman's Shilling Magazine and Family Treasury'' 2 (1867), pp. 200–205 *"Dante: The Poet Illustrated out of the Poem". '' The Century'' (February 1884), pp. 566–573
''The Face of the Deep''
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1893
''Seek and Find: A Double Series of Short Studies of the Benedicite''
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879
''Time Flies: A Reading Diary''
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885

References

Sources

*David Clifford and Laurence Roussillon, ''Outsiders Looking In: The Rossettis Then and Now''. London: Anthem, 2004 * *Antony Harrison, ''Christina Rossetti in Context''. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1988 *Maura Ives, ''Christina Rossetti: A Descriptive Bibliography''. New Castle, D.E.: Oak Knoll, 2011 * Kathleen Jones, ''Christina Rossetti: Learning Not To Be First'' *Kathleen Jones, ''Learning Not to be First: A Biography of Christina Rossetti''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 *Jan Marsh, Introduction, Christina Rossetti, ''Poems and Prose''. London: Everyman, 1994. xvii–xxxiii *Jan Marsh, ''Christina Rossetti: A Writer's Life''. New York: Viking, 1994

External links

Poems and poetry at the Poetry Foundation

Profile at Poets.org

"Christina Rossetti"
'' In our time'', BBC Radio 4 (audio, 45 minutes)
Rossetti Family Correspondence
at University of Kansas Libraries * * *
Open Library
* * *
Christina Rossetti in ''Encyclopedia of Fantasy'' (1997)
* Christina Rossetti Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. {{DEFAULTSORT:Rossetti, Christina 1830 births 1894 deaths Anglo-Catholic poets Anglican saints Burials at Highgate Cemetery Christian hymnwriters English Anglo-Catholics English hymnwriters English people of Italian descent English women poets English fantasy writers People from the London Borough of Camden Polidori-Rossetti family Sonneteers Victorian poets Victorian women writers 19th-century English women writers 19th-century British writers 19th-century British musicians Anglo-Catholic writers British women hymnwriters British people of Italian descent 19th-century British women musicians Rossetti family Writers from London