The Chinese Boycott of 1905 was a large-scale

boycott A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict so ...

of American goods in

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

that began on 10 May 1905. The catalyst was the Gresham-Yang Treaty of 1894, which was an extension of the 1882

Chinese Exclusion Act The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years. The law excluded merchants, teachers, students, travelers, and diplo ...

. An indirect cause was the years of violence against Chinese immigrants, most recently in

San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 The San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 was an epidemic of bubonic plague centered on San Francisco's Chinatown. It was the first plague epidemic in the continental United States. The epidemic was recognized by medical authorities in March 1900, ...

. The boycott lasted for almost one year and garnered support from all major Chinese organizations. It came to an end when the Qing government revoked its support for the boycott. Ultimately the boycott did not change any discriminatory laws in the US; however, the Chinatown raids eventually ceased.Tong, B. (2000). ''The Chinese Americans''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.52-53. The boycott extended across to the Chinese diaspora in the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan and Hawaii.

Causes

US legislative history on excluding Chinese

The Chinese were brought to the U.S. under a contract system to help with the construction of the pacific coast railroad. A treaty negotiated by the Secretary William H. Seward called The

Burlingame Treaty The Burlingame Treaty (), also known as the Burlingame–Seward Treaty of 1868, was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China, amending the Treaty of Tientsin, to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations, with ...

of 1868 allowed unlimited freedom for the Chinese to immigrate to the United States. The treaty also prohibited the U.S. from meddling into China's internal affairs as well as granted American citizens privilege in China. By 1880 The U.S. modified the treaty to restrict the immigration of Chinese workers with the approval of China. Two years later in 1882 congress passed the

that required Chinese immigrants residing in the United States to carry identification papers with them at all times. Extensions of the act include the 1888 Scott Act, 1892

Geary Act The Geary Act was a United States law that extended the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 by adding onerous new requirements. It was written by California Representative Thomas J. Geary and was passed by Congress on . The law required all Chinese r ...

and, 1894 Gresham-Yang Treaty.

1894 Treaty

The 1894 Gresham-Yang Treaty automatically extended for 10 years after its expiration on December 7, 1904 unless further negotiation was made. It was the further negotiation in May 1905 at Beijing that sparked the boycott. Just before the boycott, US sent her new ambassador,

William Woodville Rockhill William Woodville Rockhill (April 1, 1854 – December 8, 1914) was a United States diplomat, best known as the author of the U.S.'s Open Door Policy for China, the first American to learn to speak Tibetan, and one of the West's leading exper ...

, to Beijing.

Violence against Chinese immigrants

First it was Boston Chinatown immigration raid in 1903. Then

1905 Boston incident

In 1905, four Chinese students were detained in Boston by immigration officials. This gave momentum to the boycott movement.

The boycott

The boycott originated when the

Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) ( in the Western United States, Midwest, and Western Canada; 中華公所 (中华公所) ''zhōnghuá gōngsuǒ'' ( Jyutping: zung1wa4 gung1so2) in the East) is a historical Chinese associa ...

of San Francisco called upon the people of China to pressure the United States into treating the Chinese immigrants in America better. Afterwards, telegrams were sent out by Tseng Shao-Ching, leader of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce to merchants to boycott American products; if the merchant refuse, the boycott committee would ensure that they follow their instructions.

Timeline

Chinese immigrants were brought to the U.S. under a contract system to help with the construction of the Pacific Coast railroad. The

of 1868 was negotiated by Secretary William H. Seward allowed unlimited freedom for the Chinese to immigrate to the United States. A majority of Chinese migrated out of China to go to the United States suffered a huge amount of discrimination and prejudice compared to Chinese who have gone to other countries. Several events lead up to the boycott of 1905. These events were regarded as attempts to expel the Chinese from America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Organizations involved

The boycott drew support from many major Chinese organizations, including *

* Chinese Americans under protection of Zhuyue Zongju

References

* {{cite journal, title=The Chinese Boycott: A Social Movement in Singapore and Malaya in the Early Twentieth Century, last=Wong, first=Sin Kiong, date=September 1998, journal=Southeast Asian Studies, volume=36, issue=2, page=233, url=https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/36/2/360205.pdf, archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809060540/https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/36/2/360205.pdf, archivedate=2017-08-09 * Larson, Jane Leung. "Articulating China's First Mass Movement: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, the Baohuanghui, and the 1905 Anti-American Boycott." ''Twentieth-Century China'' 33.1 (2007): 4-26. * Larson, Jane Leung. "The 1905 anti-American boycott as a transnational Chinese movement." ''Chinese America: History and Perspectives'' (2007): 191+ * McKee, Delber L. “The Chinese Boycott of 1905-1906 Reconsidered: The Role of Chinese Americans.” ''Pacific Historical Review'' 55#2 (1986), pp. 165–191
online
* Meissner, Daniel J. "China's 1905 Anti-American Boycott: A Nationalist Myth?." ''Journal of American-East Asian Relations'' 10.3-4 (2001): 175-196. * Ts'ai, Shih‐shan H. "Reaction to Exclusion: The Boycott of 1905 and Chinese National Awakening." ''The Historian'' 39.1 (1976): 95-110. * Wang, Guanhua. ''In Search of Justice: The 1905-1906 Chinese Anti-American Boycott'' (Harvard Univ Asia Center, 2001). * Wong, Sin-Kiong. "Die for the boycott and nation: Martyrdom and the 1905 anti-American movement in China." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 35.3 (2001): 565-588
online
China–United States economic relations Anti-Americanism 1905 in China Boycotts of countries