Cheoljong of Joseon

Cheoljong of Joseon (25 July 1831 – 16 January 1864) was the 25th king of the Joseon, reigning from 1849 to 1864. After Heonjong of Joseon died without male heir in 1849, Queen Sunwon chose Cheoljong, aged 19, to be the next king, as the heir to late Sunjo of Joseon.

Cheoljong was a great-great-grandson of Yeongjo of Joseon. Before ascending the throne, he lived in poverty; even after becoming the king, he had little political influence, and political power was held mainly by the Andong Kim clan, the family of Queen Sunwon. The monopoly of the Andong Kim clan's power caused nationwide corruption, resulting in a mass series of peasant revolts in southern Joseon in 1862. He died in 1864 without an heir, and was succeeded by a distant relative, Gojong.

Biography

Early life

Cheoljong was born Yi Won-beom (이원범), the 3rd and youngest son of Yi Gwang (Jeongye Daewongun), a great-grandson of King Yeongjo of Joseon. His mother was a concubine, and she was a daughter of Yeom Seong-hwa (염성화), a commoner, descended from the Yongdam Yeom clan (용담 염씨).

Prince Euneon, was Cheoljong's grandfather and a younger half-brother of Jeongjo of Joseon; in 1786, accused of treason, he and his family was exiled to Ganghwa Island. Prince Euneon was killed during the Catholic Persecution of 1801, as his wife and daughter-in-law became Catholic, which was illegal in Joseon by the time; his children remained in confinement on the island until King Sunjo decided to pardon them in 1822. One of Prince Euneon's sons, Yi Gwang, was in his thirties, thus married a daughter of Choi Su-chang and had a son, Yi Won-gyeong (이원경); he had another two sons, respectively born to different concubines. The family eventually returned to the capital, Hanseong. When Cheoljong was young, he had little education. At the age of four, he studied the ''Thousand Character Classic''; later, he also read some beginning volumes of the '' Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance'' and '' Elementary Learning'', but he couldn't remember much content from them, and he stopped studying in following years.

In 1836, Nam Eung-jung (남응중) attempted to enthrone one of the grandsons of Prince Euneon; the plot was exposed and he was executed. During the death of Queen Hyohyeon (consort of King Heonjong) in 1844, a conspiracy by Min Jin-yong (민진용) to enthrone Yi Won-gyeong, Cheoljong's oldest half-brother, was exposed and led to Yi Won-gyeong's execution. Yi Won-gyeong's family, guilty by association, was again exiled to Ganghwa Island.

Accession

King Heonjong died in 1849, and he had no issue; thus, the lineage of Jeongjo died out. Some officials suggested that a distant royalty, Yi Ha-jeon (이하전), could succeed the throne. But he was eight years old, as well as a descendant of Deokheung Daewongun and an 11th cousin once removed to Heonjong. However, the grandmother of the late king, Queen Sunwon ( King Sunjo's widow), preferred to choose the next king herself, from closer relatives. She selected Yi Won-Beom, one of few living descendants of King Yeongjo and a second cousin once removed to Heonjong. She decided to adopt him as the heir and she sent officials to ask his family to return from Ganghwa Island. Yi Won-Beom lived in the countryside as a poor peasant. When he and his family saw the royal messenger coming, they were horrified. The Queen sent the ''yeonguijeong'' (Prime Minister) Jeong Won-yong (정원용) to present the order of the Queen Dowager and persuaded them to move to the Capital. According to the legend, as they were about to across Han River, there were flocks of sheep kneeling down as if they were waiting for a monarch. The future king regarded this as a good omen. When they were about to enter the capital, they were warmly welcomed by the citizens with deafening cheer.

When Yi Won-beom arrived in the palace, he was first made "Prince Deokwan" (덕완군), and descendants of Prince Euneon were again regarded as royalty. During their lifetime, Cheoljong's parents had no royal titles, so they were respectively honored as Jeongye Daewongun and Yongseong Budaebuin. Some other relatives of Cheoljong also received titles, including Prince Hoepyeong (his eldest half-brother), Prince Yeongpyeong (his second half-brother), Prince Punggye (his 4th uncle and half-brother of Jeongye Daewongun) as well as Prince Ikpyeong, the son of Prince Punggye; Han Gak-sin (한각신), an uncle of Cheoljong and the son-in-law of Prince Euneon, was appointed to be the officer-in-charge of Ikreung, the royal tomb of Queen Ingyeong in Gyeonggi Province.

On July 28, 1849, Cheoljong ascended the throne in Changdeok Palace, and Queen Sunwon served as regent for two years. In following years, Cheoljong resumed his studies. As a monarch, he at first changed his name from "Won-Beom" to "Yeop" (엽). But officials found out the name was too close in pronunciation to that of a Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China. To respect the naming taboo tradition, he was renamed again to Byeon (변). Cheoljong married the daughter of Kim Mun-geun (a third cousin of Queen Sunwon) in 1851, and she was later known as Queen Cheorin. Queen Cheorin had their only son in 1858, named Yung-jun, but the infant died less than a year in 1859.

Reign

Following the wedding of Cheoljong in 1851, Queen Sunwon ended her regency. However, the politics was still controlled by Queen Sunwon's family, the Andong Kim clan. Throughout the 14-year reign, Cheoljong became a puppet monarch vulnerable to their control; Queen Cheorin was also from the Andong Kim clan, allowing them to tighten the manipulation, with many Kim family members becoming prominent officials in the government. In 1856, as the national examination was full of bribery and fraud, Cheoljong criticized the situation and ordered to rectify the chaos, but it was in vain. Meanwhile, the nationwide corruption deteriorated in the field of military and agricultural taxes. A rebel started in Jinju of the Gyeongsang Province in 1862, and it was repressed, with 13 people executed and 19 exiled. However, the rebel continued to spread across three southern provinces, as well as Jeju Island. It was discovered the rebel was resulted by corruption mentioned above, so Cheoljong set an office to carry out a financial reorganization, but the reformation turned out to be ineffective.

Joseon implemented isolation policy when it comes to foreign countries for centuries, and Cheoljong remained the same. However, during his reign, vessels from Europe, the United States and Russian Empire, often appear in the territorial sea, and at least 20 of them were recorded. In 1850, a foreign boat (nationality unknown) appeared in Uljin County of Gangwon Province, and some Joseon officials were killed by its bombardment before it left. In 1851, a French merchant ship with people from the Qing dynasty visited Jeju Island. In 1852, an American whaler stopped by Dongnae District in Gyeongsang Province; at first, the locals couldn't communicate with Americans, and then they found out there were also some Japanese aboard, who were rescued after a shipwreck. In 1854, Russian frigate Pallada entered Tumen River for prospecting, naming Wonsan as "Port Lazarev"; during the process, it was reported that some local residents were shot as the crowd watching the foreign vessel. In 1855, the French sailed a frigate named ''Virginie'' prospected the east Joseon coast from Busan to Tumen River and named some of the islands; another English boat named ''Sylvia'' also arrived in Busan in the same year. In 1856, there were hundreds of French army not returning to France after the Crimean War; instead, they sacked some coastal cities in Chungcheong Province and Hwanghae Province. In the Second Opium War of 1860, Beijing, the capital of the Qing dynasty was invaded by Anglo-French force, and the Old Summer Palace was sacked and burnt down. Beijing was close to Joseon, and as the news spread, it caused disturbance in Joseon. Some nobles and officials fled from Hanseong, and people often wore Christian crosses so as to protect themselves from foreigners. To get to know further news from China, Cheoljong sent several envoys to visit Xianfeng Emperor, who fled to Chengde Mountain Resort by the time. After the battle, European countries gained several privileges in China; as Joseon was in the tributary system of China, these countries demanded that they should have a same right in Joseon, only to be rejected. Since then, the United Kingdom, France, the United States and Russian Empire started to pressure Joseon through terrestrial and naval forces.

Since the beginning of the 19th century, Catholicism was illegal in Joseon, but during Cheoljong's reign, the persecution was relatively light and the ban was loose. Around 1857, there were about 16.5 thousands of Christians in Joseon. As of 1863, there were twelve Catholic missionaries from France living in Joseon, and within few years, there were over a hundred thousand of Christians around the capital, and some of the court officials became followers. The mother of future Gojong of Korea became a Christian as well. As reaction of such rapid propagation of Catholicism and the chaotic society, Choe Je-u founded a new religion Donghak to counter the foreign influence and gained many followers. Despite that Choe was eventually captured and executed, Donghak continued to spread within Joseon in the remaining century.

As Cheoljong failed to have a male heir for years, other than repressing the revolts, the Andong Kim clan started to persecute royalties. In 1851, Chae Hui-jae (채희재) was executed for attempting enthrone Yi Myeong-seop (이명섭), a descendant of Crown Prince Sohyeon who was exiled to Chodo (an island now locates near Nampo in North Korea). In 1860, Prince Gyeongpyeong (the heir of Prince Punggye) offended some members of the Andong Kim clan, losing royal titles and was exiled to Sinjido, almost caused his death for many times. In 1862, Kim Sun-seong (김순성) was executed for enthroning Yi Ha-jeon, a distant royalty; Yi Hae-jeon was also
implicated, and he was also exiled to Jeju Island and was eventually executed. Yi Ha-jeon was a potential successor to King Heonjong back in 1849, and he showed dissatisfaction toward the imperiousness of the Andong Kim clan, causing the later decided to eliminate him. On the other hand, Prince Heungseon (later Heungseon Daewongun, father of Gojong of Korea) was in poverty like many other royalties, and he was one of the close relatives to Yi Ha-jeon (first cousin-in-law through his wife). Afraid of being persecuted, Prince Heungseon befriended with people from lower classes and often visit kisaengs, acting frivolously and fawning over the authority; this caused the Kim clan despising and less cautious about him.

Cheoljong's mother was from the Yongdam Yeom clan, a cadet branch of Paju Yeom clan. A man named Yeom Jong-su (염종수) was from the Paju branch, and he forged his genealogy as well as tampered the tombstone of Cheoljong's maternal grandfather, Yeom Seong-hwa. As there was no other known descendants of Yeom Seong-hwa, based on the counterfeit, Yeom Jong-su became the heir of Yeom Seong-hwa in 1851, becoming an uncle of Cheoljong and official in the government. As of 1861, a member of Yongdam Yeom clan, named Yeom Bo-gil (염보길), was Cheoljong's fourth cousin and living in Ganghwa Island, and he appealed the scam in grievance. As the result, Cheoljong interrogated Yeom Jong-su and had him executed.

Death and succession

According to ''Ilseongnok'' ("Diary of Self-examination"), since Cheoljong ascended to the throne, he had a weak digestive system, causing a series of chronic disease throughout his life; Cheoljong also had symptoms of asthma and caught cold quite easily. In order to tone up the body, he took a large amount of herbal medicine for years; on the other hand, some other common treatments by the time, such as acupuncture and moxibustion, rarely appear in the documents. Cheoljong died at the age of 32 on January 16, 1864, without any surviving male heirs; he became the last king being a descendant of King Hyojong. The cause of his death is ambiguous, as there was no clear official record about it. Some suggested that the death of cause of Cheoljong could be liver disease or tuberculosis; according to existing documents, however, it's still hard to give a certain conclusion to date.

It once again became necessary to search far back in the Jeonju Yi clan to find a candidate for accession, which became a dispute within the court. Cheoljong himself favored Yi Jae-hwang, the second son of Prince Heungseon (his seventh cousin) and his wife Lady Min, to succeed the throne. Claiming that Prince Heungseon was still alive and it's thus inappropriate, most members of the Andong Kim clan disapproved this succession, but Kim Byeong-hak (김병학), a cousin of Queen Cheorin, strongly agreed this instead, because he previously supported Prince Heungseon a lot. Queen Sinjeong, wife of late Ikjong (Crown Prince Hyomyeong) and the mother of King Heonjong, was the most supreme royal family member by the time, and she took way the national seal of Joseon; she decided to adopt Yi Jae-hwang herself and was supported by her family, the Pungyang Jo clan. On the other hand, Queen Cheorin, the widow of Cheoljong, believed that she could adopt the royal heir because of her family's power, so she delivered a royal order, asking Yi Jae-hwang to succeed the throne. Once Yi Jae-hwang arrived in palace, Queen Sinjeong was overjoyed and she came out to welcome him in person, despite that it was inappropriate in court manners; she immediately announced that the new king was the heir of Ikjong, instead of Cheoljong. Yi Jae-hwang thus became the new king of Joseon, known as Gojong of Korea. Upon the accession of Gojong, the father of Gojong was honored as Heungseon Daewongun, who repressed the power of the Andong Kim clan and becoming a dictator himself in the next decade.

Legacy

Cheoljong was buried in the Yereung Royal Tomb in 1864, part of the royal tomb Seosamneung Cluster located in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province. Queen Cheorin was also buried in Yereung after her death in 1878. According to the epitaph, there were once that some silverware used in the palace and the shrine of Jeongye Daewongun were stolen; both Cheoljong and Queen Cheorin decided not to pursue who did this, fearing that people may confess under false charges. Cheoljong had 11 children - five sons and six daughters - from his various consorts, but all of them died young. Among them, only the fourth daughter outlived him. She received the title Princess Yeonghye in 1866; as the only living child of Cheoljong, she received much affection from Queen Cheorin. Princess Yeonghye married Park Yung-hyo in 1872 but died in the same year, aged 13 and had no issue.

Upon the death of Cheoljong, there were only two living royalties that were descendants of King Hyojong. One of them was Cheoljong's half-brother, Prince Yeongpyeong (b. 1828); the other one was Yi Jae-seong (이재성, b. 1860), son of Cheoljong's first cousin, Prince Ikpyeong, with his concubine. Because of Queen Sinjeong's decision, both of them couldn't succeed the throne after Cheoljong. Prince Yeongpyeong also had chronic diseases like his sibling, so Gojong chose a distant relative (10th cousin to Gojong) to be his heir in 1864. Prince Yeongpyeong had a daughter in 1866, who married Hwang Yeon-su (황연수) and had issue;（第527-528頁） the prince himself lived for another decades and died in 1902. Yi Jae-seong, on the other hand, became Prince Gyeongeun (경은군) in 1900, but he lost the royal title in 1907, for accused of working together with the anti-Japanese righteous army; he was later missing in 1910. Prince Gyeongeun was the last recorded royalty to be a descendant of Hyojong; while he married twice, he had no known descendants in official records.

Ancestry

Family

* Father: Jeongye Daewongun (전계대원군)
** Grandfather: Yi In, Prince Euneon (29 May 1754 – 30 June 1801) (이인 은언군)
** Grandmother: Princess Consort Jeonsan of the Jeonju Yi clan (19 December 1764 – 4 June 1819) (전산군부인 전주 이씨)
* Mother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong of the Yongdam Yeom clan (20 July 1793 - March 1834) (용성부대부인 용담 염씨)
** Grandfather: Yeom Seong-hwa (12 July 1795 - ?) (염성화)
** Grandmother: Lady Ji of the Sangju Ji clan (상주 지씨)

Consorts and their Respective issue(s):

# Queen Cheorin, of the (New) Andong Kim clan (철인왕후 안동 김씨)(27 April 1837 – 12 June 1878)
## '' Yi Yung-jun, Prince Royal (원자 이융준)(22 November 1858 – 25 May 1859), 2nd son''
# Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Miryang Park clan (귀인 밀양박씨)(1827 – 9 May 1889)
## ''First son (3 August 1854 - 1854)''
# Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Pungyang Jo clan (귀인 풍양조씨) (1842 – 1865)
## ''Third son (b.1859 )''
## ''Fourth Son (b.1861)''
# Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Onyang Bang clan (숙의 온양방씨)(d. 1878)
## ''First daughter (1851 - 20 March 1853)''
## ''Second daughter (b.1853)''
# Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Geumseong Beom clan (금성범씨)(1838 – 23 January 1884)
## Princess Yeonghye (영혜옹주)(1858 – 4 July 1872), 4th daughter
# Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Gimhae Kim clan (숙의 김해김씨)(b 1833)
## ''Third daughter (b 1856 )''
# Palace Lady Gong-in, of the Yi clan (궁인궁인)
## ''Fifth son (b.1862 )''
## ''Sixth daughter''
# Palace Lady Gong-in, of the Park clan (박씨 이씨)
## ''Fifth Daughter''

Titles

Royal titles

*27 – 28 July 1849: Prince Deokwan (덕완군; 德完君)
*28 July 1849 – 16 January 1864: The King of Joseon (조선 국왕; 朝鮮國王)

Posthumous title

*Joseon Dynasty
**Full title: King Cheoljong Huiryunjeonggeuk Sudeoksunseong Munhyeonmuseong Heon'in'yeonghyo of Joseon (철종 희륜정극 수덕순성 문현무성 헌인영효 대왕; 哲宗熙倫正極粹德純聖文顯武成獻仁英孝大王)Ibid. 고종실록 1권, 1864년 음력 4월 7일 3번째기사 (Ibid. Annals of King Gojong, vol. 1, 12 May 1864, entry 3)
/ref>
**Qing Dynasty-conferred: King Zhōngjìng (忠敬王; 충경왕; ''King Chunggyeong'')
* Korean Empire
**Full title: Cheoljong Huiryunjeonggeuk Sudeoksunseong Heummyeonggwangdo Don'wonchanghwa Munhyeonmuseong Heon'in'yeonghyo Emperor Jang of the Korean Empire (철종 희륜정극 수덕순성 흠명광도 돈원창화 문현무성 헌인영효 장황제; 哲宗熙倫正極粹德純聖欽明光道敦元彰化文顯武成獻仁英孝章皇帝)Ibid. 순종실록 2권, 1908년 7월 30일 1번째기사 (Ibid. Annals of Emperor Sunjong, vol. 2, 30 July 1908, entry 1)
/ref>

Popular culture

* Portrayed by Kim Jung-hyun in the 2020 television series '' Mr. Queen''.
* Portrayed by Jung Wook in the 2020 television series '' Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny''.

See also

* List of Rulers of Korea
*Joseon Dynasty
* History of Korea
*Jeongye Daewongun

Notes

References

Further reading

*
*Cummings, Bruce. (1997). ''Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History.'' New York.

{{Authority control

House of Yi
1831 births
1864 deaths
19th-century Korean monarchs