Charles B. McVay III

Charles Butler McVay III (August 31, 1898 – November 6, 1968) was an American naval officer and the commanding officer of the cruiser which was lost in action in 1945, resulting in a significant loss of life. Of all captains in the history of the United States Navy, he is the only one to have been subjected to court-martial for losing a ship sunk by an act of war, despite the fact that he was on a top secret mission maintaining radio silence. The testimony of the Japanese commander who sank his ship also seemed to exonerate McVay. After years of mental health problems, he killed himself aged 70 years. Following years of efforts by some survivors and others to clear his name, McVay was posthumously exonerated by the 106th United States Congress and President Bill Clinton on October 30, 2000.

Education and career

Charles Butler McVay III was born in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, on August 31, 1898, to a Navy family. His father, Charles Butler McVay Jr. (1868–1949), commanded the tender during the cruise of the Great White Fleet (1907–1909), was an admiral in the United States Navy during World War I, and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Asiatic Fleet in the early 1930s.

Charles III was a 1920 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Before taking command of ''Indianapolis'' in November 1944, McVay was chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D.C., the Allies' highest intelligence unit. Earlier in World War II, he was awarded the Silver Star for displaying courage under fire.

McVay led the ship through the invasion of Iwo Jima, then the bombardment of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, during which ''Indianapolis'' anti-aircraft guns shot down seven enemy planes before the ship was struck by a kamikaze on March 31, inflicting heavy casualties, including eight dead, and penetrating the ship's hull. McVay returned the ship safely to Mare Island in California for repairs.

Sinking of ''Indianapolis''

Later that year, ''Indianapolis'' received orders to carry parts and nuclear material to Tinian to be used in the atomic bombs which were soon to be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After delivering her top secret cargo, the ship was en route to report for further duty off Okinawa.

Early in the morning of July 30, 1945, it was attacked by the under Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto. Hashimoto launched six torpedoes and hit ''Indianapolis'' twice, the first removing over forty feet of her bow, the second hitting the starboard side at frame forty (below the bridge). ''Indianapolis'' immediately took a fifteen degree list, capsized and sank within 12 minutes. Of the crew of 1,195 men, 879 men died.

Delayed rescue

About 300 of the 1,196 men on board either died in the initial attack or were trapped belowdecks and drowned when compartments were sealed in an effort to prevent sinking. The remainder of the crew, about 900 men, were able to abandon ship. Some were left floating in the water, many without lifeboats, until the rescue of 316 survivors was completed four days (100 hours) later. Because of Navy protocol regarding secret missions, the ship was not reported "overdue" and the rescue came only after survivors were spotted by pilot Lieutenant Wilber (Chuck) Gwinn and co-pilot Lieutenant Warren Colwell on a routine patrol flight. Of those who did abandon ship, most casualties were due to injuries sustained aboard the ship, dehydration, exhaustion, drinking salt water and shark attacks. The seas had been moderate, but visibility was not good. ''Indianapolis'' had been steaming at . When the ship did not reach Leyte on the 31st, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. This omission was officially recorded later as "due to a misunderstanding of the Movement Report System".

Controversy

McVay was wounded but survived, and was among those rescued. He repeatedly asked the Navy why it took four days to rescue his men but never received an answer. The Navy long claimed that SOS messages were never received because the ship was operating under a policy of radio silence; declassified records show that three SOS messages were received separately, but none were acted upon because one commander was drunk, another thought it was a Japanese ruse, and the third had given orders not to be disturbed.

After a Navy Court of Inquiry recommended that McVay be court-martialed for the loss of ''Indianapolis'', Admiral Chester Nimitz disagreed and instead issued the captain a letter of reprimand. Admiral Ernest King overturned Nimitz's decision and recommended a court-martial, which Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal later convened. McVay was charged with failing to zigzag and failure to order abandon ship in a timely manner. He was convicted on the former. Prior knowledge of Japanese submarines being identified in the area was withheld from the court and from McVay, prior to sailing, as well. Following McVay's conviction for hazarding ''Indianapolis'' by failing to zigzag, Admiral King recommended setting aside the punishment. Hashimoto, the Japanese submarine commander who had sunk ''Indianapolis'', was on record as describing visibility at the time as fair, which is corroborated by the fact that he was able to target and sink ''Indianapolis'' in the first place. He also testified that zigzagging wouldn't have made a difference, as he would have still sunk the Indianapolis, due to being in such a good position to do so. American submarine experts testified that "zigzagging" was a technique of negligible value in eluding enemy submarines. Hashimoto also testified to this effect. Despite that testimony, the official ruling was that visibility was good, and the court held McVay responsible for failing to zigzag.

An additional point of controversy is evidence that the admirals in the United States Navy were primarily responsible for placing the ship in harm's way. For instance, McVay requested a destroyer escort for ''Indianapolis'', but his request was denied because the priority for destroyers at the time was escorting transports to Okinawa and picking up downed aircrew in B-29 raids on Japan. Also, naval command assumed McVay's route would be safe at that point in the war. Many ships, including most destroyers, were equipped with submarine detection equipment, but the ''Indianapolis'' was not so equipped, which casts the decision to deny McVay's request for an escort as military incompetence.

On July 24, 1945, just six days prior to the sinking of ''Indianapolis'', the destroyer had been attacked and sunk in the area by Japanese submarines. Yet McVay was never informed of this event, and several others, in part due to issues of classified intelligence. McVay was warned of the potential presence of Japanese subs, but not of the actual confirmed activity.

Although about 380 ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the loss of his ship. It was widely felt that he had been a fall guy for the Navy. The conviction effectively ended McVay's career as he lost seniority, although the sentence was overturned by Secretary James Forrestal owing to McVay's bravery prior to the sinking, and McVay was finally promoted to rear admiral when he retired from the navy in 1949, although he apparently never got over his treatment.

In his book ''Abandon Ship'', author Richard F. Newcomb posits a motive for Admiral King's ordering McVay's court-martial. According to Captain McVay III's father, Admiral Charles B. McVay Jr., "'King never forgot a grudge". King had been a junior officer under the command of McVay's father when King and other officers snuck some women aboard a ship. Admiral McVay had a letter of reprimand placed in King's record for that. "Now," he raged, "King's used y sonto get back at me."

Suicide

On November 6, 1968, McVay took his own life by shooting himself at his home in Litchfield, Connecticut. Contrary to what many may believe, McVay used a Colt pistol, an Officer's Model Target 38 Special. It was manufactured in 1906 and was not issued to the US Navy despite what the name could lead some to believe, according to th
USS Indianapolis Legacy Organization
Commonly this pistol has been referred to as McVay's service pistol, which it was not. There is another myth, that he was holding in his hand a toy sailor he had received as a boy for a good luck charm. This is also untrue, as police reports obtained by the Legacy Organization do not mention this nor show any other objects in the pictures aside from his pistol. He was found in his back porch by his gardener. Though a note was not left, McVay was known by those close to him to have suffered from loneliness, particularly after losing his wife to cancer in 1961. McVay also struggled throughout his life from the impact of vitriolic letters and phone calls he periodically received from grief-stricken relatives of dead crewmen who served aboard the ''Indianapolis''.

Exoneration

survivors organized, and many spent years attempting to clear their skipper's name. Many people, from McVay's son Charles McVay IV (1925–2012) to author Dan Kurzman, who chronicled the ''Indianapolis'' incident in ''Fatal Voyage'', to members of Congress, long believed McVay was unfairly convicted. Paul Murphy, president of the USS ''Indianapolis'' Survivors Organization, said: "Captain McVay's court-martial was simply to divert attention from the terrible loss of life caused by procedural mistakes which never alerted anyone that we were missing."

Over fifty years after the incident, a 12-year-old student in Pensacola, Florida, Hunter Scott, was instrumental in raising awareness of the miscarriage of justice carried out at the captain's court-martial. As part of a school project for the National History Day program, the young man interviewed nearly 150 survivors of the ''Indianapolis'' sinking and reviewed 800 documents. His testimony before the U.S. Congress brought national attention to the situation.

In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a Sense of Congress resolution that McVay's record should reflect that "he is exonerated for the loss of the USS ''Indianapolis''." President Clinton also signed the resolution. Commander Hashimoto died five days before the exoneration (on 25 October).

In May 2001, Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England ordered Captain William Toti, former commanding officer of , to enter the Sense of Congress resolution into McVay's official Navy personnel record.England, Gordon R. (July 11, 2001), Memorandum for the Chief of Naval Operations from the Secretary of the Navy. Subject: Addition to the Military Personnel Record of Rear Admiral Charles B. McVay, III, USN.

Awards and decorations

In popular culture

McVay's ship, but not McVay himself, is mentioned in the 1975 blockbuster movie ''Jaws'', in which the character of Quint is portrayed as a survivor of the incident.

In 1978, the events surrounding McVay's court-martial were dramatized in ''The Failure to ZigZag'' by playwright John B. Ferzacca. The 1991 made-for-television movie '' Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis'' depicts the ordeal of the men of the ''Indianapolis'' during her last voyage (with McVay portrayed by Stacy Keach), as does the 2016 film '' USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage'' (with McVay portrayed by Nicolas Cage). Also in 2016, ''USS Indianapolis: The Legacy'' was released. It is an in-depth film where the survivors tell the story of what happened and they speak about the aftermath of the tragic event. In 2019, PBS released a 90-minute documentary titled '' USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter''.

See also

* W. Graham Claytor Jr.
* List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
* United States military veteran suicide

References

*

External links

USS ''Indianapolis'' – Still at sea


of ''Indianapolis''


* ttp://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/m0645.html USS ''Indianapolis'' Collection, 1898–1991 collection guide for an "artificially-created" collection of materials regarding the history of the heavy cruiser USS ''Indianapolis'' (CA-35) at the Indiana Historical Society.
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:McVay, Charles B., III
1898 births
1968 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American military personnel who committed suicide
People from Ephrata, Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Silver Star
Suicides by firearm in Connecticut
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel who were court-martialed
Military personnel from Pennsylvania