Charding La

The Charding Nullah, traditionally known as the Lhari stream and called Demchok River by China,{{efn, name="White Paper XII" is a small river that originates near the Charding La pass that is also on the border between the two countries and flows northeast to join the Indus River near a peak called "Demchok Karpo" or "Lhari Karpo" (white holy peak of Demchok). There are villages on both sides of the mouth of the river called by the same name "Demchok", which is presumed to have been a single village originally, and has gotten split into two due to geopolitcal reasons. The river serves as the ''de facto'' border between China and India in the southern part of the Demchok sector.{{efn, name="White Paper XII"

Etymology

The Indian government refers to the river as "Charding Nullah" after its place of origin, the Charding La pass, with nullah meaning a mountain stream.

The Chinese government uses the term "Demchok river" by the location of its mouth, near the Demchok Karpo peak and the Demchok village.{{efn, name="White Paper XII", On 21 September 1965, the Indian Government wrote to the Chinese Government, complaining of Chinese troops who were said to have "moved forward in strength right up to the Charding Nullah and have assumed a threatening posture at the Indian civilian post on the western orthwesternside of the Nullah on the Indian side of the 'line of actual control'." The Chinese Government responded on 24 September stating, "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the Demchok village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from Parigas (in Tibet, China)..."

Some of the historical documents call the river "Lhari stream".{{sfnp, Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground, 1963, p=107 Lhari,{{efn, Alternative spellings of Lahri include "Lahri", "Lari" or "Lairi" meaning "holy mountain" in Tibetan, is a reference to the white rocky peak (4,865 m) behind the Ladakhi Demchok village.
Claude Arpi
The Case of Demchok
Indian Defence Review, 19 May 2017.
It has also been referred to as "Lari Karpo" ("white lhari") and "Demchok Lari Karpo" in Tibetan documents.{{sfnp, Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground, 1963, pp=106–107{{efn, Scholars translate the Tibetan term ''lha-ri'' as "soul mountain". Many peaks in Tibet are named ''lhari'' including a "Demchok lhari" in the northern suburbs of Lhasa.
{{citation , last=McKay , first=Alex , title=Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA520 , year=2015 , publisher=BRILL , isbn=978-90-04-30618-9 , page=520
"Karpo", meaning "white", serves to distinguish the Ladakh's mountain peak from the others.

"Lhari stream at Demchok" is the phrase used in the 1684 Treaty of Tingmosgang,{{sfnp, Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector, 1965, p=38 forming the basis for the Indian government's identification of the stream with Charding Nullah.{{efn, Fisher et al. states that the Lhari stream flows "five miles southeast of Demchok".{{sfnp, Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground, 1963, p=39 This is incorrect. The reference was actually to the Indian alignment of the border, which was five miles southeast of Demchok.{{sfnp, Indian Report, Part 1, 1962, loc=Q21 (p. 38) The Indian identification is supported by scholars.

Description

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Source

The Charding Nullah originates below the Charding La pass, which is on a large spur that divides the Sutlej river basin from the Indus river basin. In this area, the Sutlej river tributaries flow southeast into West Tibet and the Indus river and its tributaries flow northwest, parallel to the Himalayan ranges.

Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction

The Charding Nullah flows northeast along a narrow mountain valley. Halfway down the valley it is joined by another nullah from the left, called Nilung (or Nilu/Ninglung). The Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction (CNNJ, 4900 m) is recognised by both the Indian and Chinese border troops as a strategic point.

Changthang plateau

{{Main, Changthang plateau
The entire area surrounding the Charding Nullah is referred to as the Changthang plateau. It consists of rocky mountain heights of Ladakh and Kailas ranges and sandy river valleys which are only good for grazing yaks, sheep and goats (the famous pashmina goats) reared by Changpa nomads. The Indian-controlled northern side of the nullah is close to Hanle, the site of the Hanle Monastery. The Chinese-controlled southern side has the village of Tashigang (Zhaxigang) which also has a monastery, both having been built by the Ladakhi ruler Sengge Namgyal ({{reign, 1616, 1642). At the end of Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War, the Tibetan troops retreated to Tashigang where they fortified themselves.
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Mouth

At the bottom of the valley, the Charding Nullah branches into a 2 km-wide delta as it joins the Indus river. During the British colonial period, there were villages on both the sides of the delta, going by the name "Demchok". The southern village appears to have been the main one, frequently referred to by travelers.{{harvp, Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area, 2017, p=353: 'At present officially located in India, the village of Demchok marked the border between Tibet and Ladakh for a long time. Abdul Wahid Radhu, a former representative of the Lopchak caravan, described Demchok in his travel account as "the first location on the Tibetan side of the border".'{{harvp, Indian Report, Part 3, 1962, pp=3–4: According to a report by the governor of Ladakh in 1904–05, "I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa. ... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars."

Sino-Indian border dispute

Prior to the Sino-Indian War of 1962, India had established a border post to the south of the delta (called "High Ground"). As the war progressed, the post was evacuated and the Chinese forces occupied it.{{sfnp, Cheema, Crimson Chinar, 2015, p=190

Notes

{{notelist

References

{{reflist, 30em

Bibliography

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External links

Demchok Eastern Sector
on OpenStreetMap (Chinese-controlled)

Demchok Western Sector
on OpenStreetMap (Indian-controlled)

International rivers of Asia
Indus basin
Rivers of China
Rivers of India
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
Rivers of Tibet
Geography of Ladakh
Geography of Tibet
History of Ladakh
History of Tibet