Chaos terrain

In astrogeology, chaos terrain, or chaotic terrain, is a planetary surface area where features such as ridges, cracks, and plains appear jumbled and enmeshed with one another. Chaos terrain is a notable feature of the planets Mars and Mercury, Jupiter's moon Europa, and the dwarf planet Pluto. In scientific nomenclature, "chaos" is used as a component of proper nouns (e.g., " Aureum Chaos" on Mars).

On Mars

Wikichaosmap.jpg, Tography map of Oxia Palus region of Mars showing the location of a number of chaos regions

Mapbeer.jpg, Map showing location of Arsinoes Chaos (far left), Iani Chaos, Aureum Chaos, Margaritifer Chaos, and other nearby features

Image:Margaritifer Sinus Map.JPG, Map of Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle with major features labeled. Aureum Chaos is near the top of the map.

Image:Canyons and Mesas of Aureum Chaos in Oxia Palus.JPG, Huge canyons in Aureum Chaos, as seen by THEMIS. Gullies are rare at this latitude. Image from Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle.

Image:Iani Chaos.JPG, Iani Chaos, as seen by THEMIS. Sand from eroding mesas is covering brighter floor material. Click on image to see relationship of Iani Chaos to other local features. Image from Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle.

File:Quadrângulo de Oxia Palus.JPG, Quadrangle map of Oxia Palus quadrangle labeled with major features. This quadrangle contains many collapsed areas of Chaos and many outflow channels (old river valleys).

Image:Erosion in Aram Chaos.JPG, Erosion in Aram Chaos, as seen by THEMIS. Image in Oxia Palus quadrangle.

Image:Blocks in Aram.JPG, Blocks in Aram showing possible source of water, as seen by THEMIS. Image in Oxia Palus quadrangle.

File:Badlands of Aram Chaos.jpg, Badlands of Aram Chaos

File:Eastern Floor of Aram Chaos.jpg, Eastern Floor of Aram Chaos

Image:Hydraotes Chaos.JPG, Hydraotes Chaos, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see channels and layers. Scale bar is 1000 meters long. Image in Oxia Palus quadrangle.

Image:Hydaspis Chaos.JPG, Hydaspis Chaos, as seen by HiRISE. Image in Oxia Palus quadrangle.

Image:Eos Chaos.jpg, Light colored layers in Eos Chaos, as seen by HiRISE. Image is in Oxia Palus quadrangle.

Image:Phaethontis.JPG, Map of Phaethontis quadrangle. Click on to enlarge and see some crater names. Gorgonum Chaos is near the top of map.

Image:Gorgonum in Phaethontis.JPG, Gorgonum Chaos as seen by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE. Image is 4 km wide. Image in Phaethontis quadrangle.

Image:Atlantis Chaos.JPG, Atlantis Chaos, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see mantle covering and possible gullies. The two images are different parts of the original image. They have different scales. Image in Phaethontis quadrangle.

Image:Ister Chaos.jpg, Ister Chaos, as seen by HiRISE. Location is the Lunae Palus quadrangle.

Image:Ister Chaos Close-up.JPG, Close-up of Ister Chaos, as seen by HiRISE. Location is the Lunae Palus quadrangle.

ESP 042939 1795chaos.jpg, Chaos terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle

On April 1, 2010, NASA released the first images under the HiWish program in which citizens suggested places for HiRISE to photograph. One of the eight locations was Aureum Chaos. The first image below gives a wide view of the area. The next two images are from the HiRISE image.

Image:Aureum Chaos wide context.JPG, THEMIS image of wide view of following HiRISE images. Black box shows approximate location of HiRISE images. This image is just a part of the vast area known as Aureum Chaos. Click on image to see more details.

Image:Aureum Chaos wide view.JPG, Aureum Chaos, as seen by HiRISE, under the HiWish program.

Image:Aureum Chaos HiWish.JPG, Close up view of previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Small round dots are boulders.

On Mercury

File:Mercury's 'Weird Terrain'.jpg, The chaotic terrain at the antipode of the Caloris Basin

Causes

The specific causes of chaos terrain are not yet well understood. A number of different astrogeological forces have been offered as causes of chaos terrain. On Europa, impact events and subsequent penetration into a ductile or liquid crust were suggested in 2004. In November 2011, a team of researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and elsewhere presented evidence in the journal ''Nature'' suggesting that many "chaos terrain" features on Europa sit atop vast lakes of liquid water. These lakes would be entirely encased in the moon's icy outer shell and distinct from a liquid ocean thought to exist farther down beneath the ice shell. Rather than an external impact, the authors propose a four-step model for producing the surface expressions (chaos terrain) and the shallow, covered lakes. Full confirmation of the lakes' existence will require a space mission designed to probe the ice shell either physically or indirectly, for example using radar.

On Mars, chaos terrain is believed to be associated with the release of huge amounts of water. The Chaotic features may have collapsed when water came out of the surface. Martian rivers begin with a Chaos region. A chaotic region can be recognized by a rat's nest of mesas, buttes, and hills, chopped through with valleys which in places look almost patterned. Some parts of this chaotic area have not collapsed completely—they are still formed into large mesas, so they may still contain water ice. Chaotic terrain occurs in numerous locations on Mars, and always gives the strong impression that something abruptly disturbed the ground. Chaos regions formed long ago. By counting craters (more craters in any given area means an older surface) and by studying the valleys' relations with other geological features, scientists have concluded the channels formed 2.0 to 3.8 billion years ago.

Scientists have thought of different ideas for the cause of chaotic terrain. One explanation for the source of the water that quickly left the ground and created chaos is that water rich sediment was deposited in giant canyons on the floor of an ocean. Later, when the ocean disappeared, the sediments froze. If hot magma came near to the region, the ice would have melted and formed large underground river systems. When these neared the surface, huge amounts would break out of the ground and carve the valleys we see today. There is much evidence for an ocean on Mars.
Places have been photographed that could be where the ground collapsed when water left an subterranean rivers to flow out of chaotic regions. One of the first theories for the source of the water was based on old Viking Orbiter pictures. It was thought that these outflows came from a global cryosphere-confined aquifer that collected water from south polar meltwater. The cryosphere would have formed during the Hesperian period in the planet's history. into the planet’s upper crust. One chaotic terrain, Galaxias Chaos may be caused by sublimation of an ice-rich deposit.

Image:Galaxiascomplete2.jpg, This series of drawings show another model for the formation of Martian chaos, as proposed by Pedersen and Head 2011. Amount of sublimation is exaggerated to improve understanding. Click on image to see more details.

In popular culture

* In the graphic novel ''Watchmen'', Dr. Manhattan ponders upon the alternative viewpoints of existence, and says that Mars did not choose life, but rather "chaotic terrain".
* In the science fiction novel '' Armada (novel)'', Chaos Terrain is a business that makes videogames secretly designed to teach civilians how to fight Europan aliens.

See also

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References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaos Terrain
Planetary geology