computing Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, ...

, the chaos model is a structure of software development. Its creator, who used the pseudonym L.B.S. Raccoon, noted that project management models such as the

spiral model The spiral model is a risk-driven software development process model. Based on the unique risk patterns of a given project, the spiral model guides a team to adopt elements of one or more process models, such as incremental, waterfall, or evolu ...

and

waterfall model The waterfall model is a breakdown of project activities into linear sequential phases, meaning they are passed down onto each other, where each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous one and corresponds to a specialization of tasks. ...

, while good at managing schedules and staff, didn't provide methods to fix bugs or solve other technical problems. At the same time, programming methodologies, while effective at fixing bugs and solving technical problems, do not help in managing deadlines or responding to customer requests. The structure attempts to bridge this gap. Chaos theory was used as a tool to help understand these issues.ACM Digital Library
The chaos model and the chaos cycle
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Volume 20 Issue 1, Jan. 1995

Software development life cycle

The chaos model notes that the phases of the life cycle apply to all levels of projects, from the whole project to individual lines of code. * The whole project must be defined, implemented, and integrated. * Systems must be defined, implemented, and integrated. * Modules must be defined, implemented, and integrated. * Functions must be defined, implemented, and integrated. * Lines of code are defined, implemented and integrated. One important change in perspective is whether projects can be thought of as whole units, or must be thought of in pieces. Nobody writes tens of thousands of lines of code in one sitting. They write small pieces, one line at a time, verifying that the small pieces work. Then they build up from there. The behavior of a complex system emerges from the combined behavior of the smaller building blocks.

Chaos strategy

The chaos strategy is a strategy of software development based on the chaos model. The main rule is ''always resolve the most important issue first''. * An ''issue'' is an incomplete programming task. * The ''most important'' issue is a combination of ''big'', ''urgent'', and ''robust''. ** ''Big'' issues provide value to users as working functionality. ** ''Urgent'' issues are timely in that they would otherwise hold up other work. ** ''Robust'' issues are trusted and tested when resolved. Developers can then safely focus their attention elsewhere. * To ''resolve'' means to bring it to a point of stability. The chaos strategy resembles the way that programmers work toward the end of a project, when they have a list of bugs to fix and features to create. Usually someone prioritizes the remaining tasks, and the programmers fix them one at a time. The chaos strategy states that this is the only valid way to do the work. The chaos strategy was inspired by Go strategy.

Connections with chaos theory

There are several tie-ins with chaos theory. * The chaos model may help explain why software tends to be so unpredictable. * It explains why high-level concepts like

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...

cannot be treated independently of low-level lines of code. * It provides a hook for explaining what to do next, in terms of the chaos strategy.

Software development life cycle

Chaos strategy

Connections with chaos theory

See also

References

Further reading