Central America
Central America (Spanish: América Central, Centroamérica) is the
southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which
connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central
America is bordered by
Mexico
Mexico to the north,
Colombia
.jpg/500px-Colombia-_Lindsay_Croisdale-Appleby_(8591837687).jpg)
Colombia to the southeast,
the
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea to the east, and the
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean to the west.
Central America
Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined
population of
Central America
Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate)[2]
and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).[3]
Central America
Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot,
which extends from northern
Guatemala
Guatemala through to central Panama. Due
to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central
America Volcanic Arc, there is a great deal of seismic activity in the
region. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur frequently; these
natural disasters have resulted in the loss of many lives and much
property.
In the Pre-Columbian era,
Central America
Central America was inhabited by the
indigenous peoples of
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica to the north and west and the
Isthmo-Colombian peoples to the south and east. Soon after Christopher
Columbus's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish began to colonize the
Americas. From 1609 until 1821, most of the territory within Central
America—except for the lands that would become
Belize
Belize and
Panama—was governed by the Viceroyalty of
New Spain
New Spain from
Mexico
Mexico City
as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. After
New Spain
New Spain achieved
independence from Spain in 1821, some of its provinces were annexed to
the First Mexican Empire, but soon seceded from
Mexico
Mexico to form the
Federal Republic of Central America, which lasted from 1823 to 1838.
The seven states finally became independent autonomous states:
beginning with Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, and
Guatemala
Guatemala (1838);
followed by
El Salvador
El Salvador (1841); then
Panama
Panama (1903); and finally Belize
(1981). Even today, people in
Central America
Central America sometimes refer to their
nations as if they were provinces of a Central American state. For
example, it is not unusual to write "C.A." after the country names in
formal and informal contexts and the automobile licence plates of many
of the countries in the region show the legend "Centroamerica" in
addition to the country name.
Contents
1 Different definitions
2 History
3 Geography
4 Biodiversity
4.1 Flora
4.2 Fauna
5 Geology
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages
6.2 Ethnic groups
6.3 Religious groups
7 Culture
7.1 Sport
8 Politics
8.1 Central American Integration
8.2 Foreign relations
8.3 Central American Parliament
9 Economy
9.1 Tourism
10 Transport
10.1 Roads
10.2 Waterways
10.3 Ports and harbors
10.4 Airports
10.5 Railways
11 Education
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Different definitions[edit]
"Central America" may mean different things to various people, based
upon different contexts:
The
United Nations geoscheme
United Nations geoscheme for the
Americas
.svg/400px-Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Americas defines the region as
all states of mainland
North America
North America south of the United States and
specifically includes all of Mexico.[4]
Middle America is usually thought to comprise
Mexico
Mexico to the north of
the 7 states of
Central America
Central America as well as
Colombia
Colombia and
Venezuela
Venezuela to
the south. Usually the whole of the
Caribbean
.svg/400px-Antillas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Caribbean to the north-east and
sometimes the
Guyanas
Guyanas are also included.
According to one source, the term "Central America" was used as a
synonym for "Middle America" at least as recently as 1962.[5]
In
Ibero-America
.svg/720px-Ibero-America_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Ibero-America (
Latin America
.svg/500px-Latin_America_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Latin America and Iberia), the
Americas
Americas is
considered a single continent, and
Central America
Central America is considered a
subcontinent separate from
North America
North America comprising the seven
countries south of
Mexico
Mexico and north of Colombia.[6]
In Brazil,
Central America
Central America comprises all countries between
Mexico
Mexico and
Colombia, including those in the Caribbean.
Mexico, in whole or in part, is sometimes included by British
people.[7][8][9][not in citation given][10]
For the people living in the five countries formerly part of the
Federal Republic of Central America
Federal Republic of Central America there is a distinction between the
Spanish language
Spanish language terms "América Central" and "Centroamérica". While
both can be translated into English as "Central America", "América
Central" is generally used to refer to the geographical area of the
seven countries between
Mexico
Mexico and Colombia, while "Centroamérica" is
used when referring to the former members of the Federation
emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region.
History[edit]
Main article: History of Central America
Central America, 1798
Tikal, Guatemala.
In the Pre-Columbian era, the northern areas of
Central America
Central America were
inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. Most notable among
these were the Mayans, who had built numerous cities throughout the
region, and the Aztecs, who had created a vast empire. The
pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras,
Caribbean
Caribbean Nicaragua, most of
Costa Rica
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica_(state).svg.png)
Costa Rica and
Panama
Panama were predominantly
speakers of the
Chibchan languages
Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and
are considered by some[11] culturally different and grouped in the
Isthmo-Colombian Area.
Following Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish
sent many expeditions to the region, and they began their conquest of
Maya territory in 1523. Soon after the conquest of the
Aztec
Aztec Empire,
Spanish conquistador
Pedro de Alvarado
Pedro de Alvarado commenced the conquest of
northern
Central America
Central America for the Spanish Empire. Beginning with his
arrival in
Soconusco
Soconusco in 1523, Alvarado's forces systematically
conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms, including
the K'iche', Tz'utujil, Pipil, and the Kaqchikel. By 1528, the
conquest of
Guatemala
Guatemala was nearly complete, with only the Petén Basin
remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence. The last
independent Maya kingdoms – the
Kowoj
Kowoj and the
Itza people
Itza people – were
finally defeated in 1697, as part of the Spanish conquest of
Petén.[citation needed]
In 1538, Spain established the Real Audiencia of Panama, which had
jurisdiction over all land from the
Strait of Magellan
Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of
Fonseca. This entity was dissolved in 1543, and most of the territory
within
Central America
Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of the
Audiencia Real de Guatemala. This area included the current
territories of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and the Mexican state of Chiapas, but excluded the lands
that would become
Belize
Belize and Panama. The president of the Audiencia,
which had its seat in Antigua Guatemala, was the governor of the
entire area. In 1609 the area became a captaincy general and the
governor was also granted the title of captain general. The Captaincy
General of
Guatemala
Guatemala encompassed most of Central America, with the
exception of present-day
Belize
Belize and Panama.
The Captaincy General of
Guatemala
Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries,
but began to fray after a rebellion in 1811 which began in the
intendancy of San Salvador. The Captaincy General formally ended on 15
September 1821, with the signing of the Act of Independence of Central
America. Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time
with the signing of the
Treaty of Córdoba
Treaty of Córdoba and the Declaration of
Independence of the Mexican Empire, and the entire region was finally
independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821.
From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former
Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short-lived First
Mexican Empire. When the Emperor of
Mexico
Mexico abdicated on 19 March 1823,
Central America
Central America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress
of
Central America
Central America peacefully seceded from
Mexico
Mexico and declared
absolute independence from all foreign nations, and the region formed
the Federal Republic of Central America.[citation needed]
The
Federal Republic of Central America
Federal Republic of Central America was a representative democracy
with its capital at
Guatemala
Guatemala City. This union consisted of the
provinces of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Los Altos,
Mosquito Coast, and Nicaragua. The lowlands of southwest Chiapas,
including Soconusco, initially belonged to the Republic until 1824,
when
Mexico
Mexico annexed most of
Chiapas
Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco.
The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838, when it disintegrated as a
result of civil wars.[citation needed]
Historic Coat of Arms of Central American Unions
The United Providences of Central America
United Provinces of Central America
Federal Republic of Central America
Greater Republic of Central America
Coat of Arms of modern Central America
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Belize
The territory that now makes up
Belize
Belize was heavily contested in a
dispute that continued for decades after
Guatemala
Guatemala achieved
independence (see History of
Belize
Belize (1506–1862). Spain, and later
Guatemala, considered this land a Guatemalan department. In 1862,
Britain formally declared it a British colony and named it British
Honduras. It became independent as
Belize
Belize in 1981.[citation needed]
Panama, situated in the southernmost part of
Central America
Central America on the
Isthmus of Panama, has for most of its history been culturally linked
to South America.
Panama
Panama was part of the
Province of Tierra Firme
Province of Tierra Firme from
1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly
formed Audiencia Real de Panama. Beginning in 1543,
Panama
Panama was
administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, along with all other
Spanish possessions in South America.
Panama
Panama remained as part of the
Viceroyalty of Peru
Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it was transferred to the
Viceroyalty of New Granada, the capital of which was located at Santa
Fé de Bogotá.
Panama
Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New
Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819. A
series of military and political struggles took place from that time
until 1822, the result of which produced the republic of Gran
Colombia. After the dissolution of Gran
Colombia
Colombia in 1830, Panama
became part of a successor state, the Republic of New Granada. From
1855 until 1886,
Panama
Panama existed as
Panama
Panama State, first within the
Republic of New Granada, then within the Granadine Confederation, and
finally within the United States of Colombia. The United States of
Colombia
Colombia was replaced by the Republic of
Colombia
Colombia in 1886. As part of
the Republic of Colombia,
Panama
Panama State was abolished and it became the
Isthmus Department. Despite the many political reorganizations,
Colombia
Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict, which eventually led to
the secession of
Panama
Panama on 3 November 1903. Only after that time did
some begin to regard
Panama
Panama as a North or Central American
entity.[citation needed]
By the 1930s the
United Fruit Company
United Fruit Company owned 3.5 million acres of land
in
Central America
Central America and the
Caribbean
Caribbean and was the single largest land
owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the
governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led
to the coining of the phrase Banana Republic.[12]
After more than two hundred years of social unrest, violent conflict
and revolution,
Central America
Central America today remains in a period of political
transformation. Poverty, social injustice and violence are still
widespread.[13]
Nicaragua
Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western
hemisphere (only
Haiti
Haiti is poorer).[14]
Geography[edit]
See also: Geography of Belize, Geography of Costa Rica, Geography of
El Salvador, Geography of Guatemala, Geography of Honduras, Geography
of Nicaragua, Geography of Panama, List of islands of Central America,
and List of mountain peaks of Central America
The seven countries of
Central America
Central America and their capitals
Central America
Central America is the tapering isthmus of southern North America,
with unique and varied geographic features. The
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean lies to
the southwest, the
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea lies to the northeast, and the Gulf
of
Mexico
Mexico lies to the north. Some physiographists define the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec as the northern geographic border of Central
America,[7] while others use the northwestern borders of
Belize
Belize and
Guatemala. From there, the Central American land mass extends
southeastward to the Isthmus of Panama, where it connects to the
Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America.
Of the many mountain ranges within Central America, the longest are
the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the
Cordillera Isabelia
Cordillera Isabelia and the
Cordillera de Talamanca. At 4,220 meters (13,850 ft), Volcán
Tajumulco is the highest peak in Central America. Other high points of
Central America
Central America are as listed in the table below:
High points in Central America
Country
Name
Elevation (meters)
Range
Belize
Doyle's Delight
1124
Cockscomb Range
Costa Rica
Cerro Chirripó
3820
Cordillera de Talamanca
El Salvador
Cerro El Pital
2730
Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Guatemala
Volcán Tajumulco
4220
Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Honduras
Cerro Las Minas
2780
Cordillera de Celaque
Nicaragua
Mogotón
2107
Cordillera Isabelia
Panama
Volcán Barú
3474
Cordillera de Talamanca
Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for
the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee, tobacco,
beans and other crops. Most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica
and
Guatemala
Guatemala lives in valleys.[15]
Trade winds
Trade winds have a significant effect upon the climate of Central
America. Temperatures in
Central America
Central America are highest just prior to the
summer wet season, and are lowest during the winter dry season, when
trade winds contribute to a cooler climate. The highest temperatures
occur in April, due to higher levels of sunlight, lower cloud cover
and a decrease in trade winds.[16]
Biodiversity[edit]
See also:
Central America
Central America bioregion
El Chorreron in El Salvador
Central America
Central America is part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot,
boasting 7% of the world's biodiversity.[17] The
Pacific Flyway
Pacific Flyway is a
major north-south flyway for migratory birds in the Americas,
extending from
Alaska
Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. Due to the funnel-like
shape of its land mass, migratory birds can be seen in very high
concentrations in Central America, especially in the spring and
autumn. As a bridge between
North America
North America and South America, Central
America has many species from the Nearctic and the Neotropic ecozones.
However the southern countries (
Costa Rica
Costa Rica and Panama) of the region
have more biodiversity than the northern countries (
Guatemala
Guatemala and
Belize), meanwhile the central countries (Honduras,
Nicaragua
Nicaragua and El
Salvador) have the least biodiversity.[17] The table below shows
recent statistics:
Biodiversity
Biodiversity in
Central America
Central America (number of different species of
terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants)
Country
Amphibian
species
Bird
species
Mammal
species
Reptile
species
Total terrestrial
vertebrate species
Vascular plants
species
Biodiversity
Belize[18]
46
544
147
140
877
2894
3771
Costa Rica[19]
183
838
232
258
1511
12119
13630
El Salvador[20]
30
434
137
106
707
2911
3618
Guatemala[21]
133
684
193
236
1246
8681
9927
Honduras[22]
101
699
201
213
1214
5680
6894
Nicaragua[23]
61
632
181
178
1052
7590
8642
Panama[24]
182
904
241
242
1569
9915
11484
Over 300 species of the region's flora and fauna are threatened, 107
of which are classified as critically endangered. The underlying
problems are deforestation, which is estimated by
FAO
FAO at 1.2% per year
in
Central America
Central America and
Mexico
Mexico combined, fragmentation of rainforests
and the fact that 80% of the vegetation in
Central America
Central America has already
been converted to agriculture.[25]
Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating
ecoregions and nature reserves. 36% of Belize's land territory falls
under some form of official protected status, giving
Belize
Belize one of the
most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas.
In addition, 13% of Belize's marine territory are also protected.[26]
A large coral reef extends from
Mexico
Mexico to Honduras: the Mesoamerican
Barrier Reef System. The
Belize
Belize Barrier Reef is part of this. The
Belize
Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and
animals, and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the world. It is
home to 70 hard coral species, 36 soft coral species, 500 species of
fish and hundreds of invertebrate species. So far only about 10% of
the species in the
Belize
Belize barrier reef have been discovered.[27]
Flora[edit]
One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the
Monteverde
Monteverde Cloud
Forest Reserve in Monteverde,
Costa Rica
Costa Rica disappearing into the clouds
From 2001 to 2010, 5,376 square kilometers (2,076 sq mi) of
forest were lost in the region. In 2010
Belize
Belize had 63% of remaining
forest cover,
Costa Rica
Costa Rica 46%,
Panama
Panama 45%,
Honduras
Honduras 41%,
Guatemala
Guatemala 37%,
Nicaragua
Nicaragua 29%, and
El Salvador
El Salvador 21%. Most of the loss occurred in the
moist forest biome, with 12,201 square kilometers
(4,711 sq mi). Woody vegetation loss was partially set off
by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with 4,730 square kilometers
(1,830 sq mi), and a gain in the dry forest biome at 2,054
square kilometers (793 sq mi). Mangroves and deserts
contributed only 1% to the loss in forest vegetation. The bulk of the
deforestation was located at the
Caribbean
Caribbean slopes of
Nicaragua
Nicaragua with a
loss of 8,574 square kilometers (3,310 sq mi) of forest in
the period from 2001 to 2010. The most significant regrowth of 3,050
square kilometers (1,180 sq mi) of forest was seen in the
coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras.[28]
The
Central American pine-oak forests
Central American pine-oak forests ecoregion, in the tropical and
subtropical coniferous forests biome, is found in
Central America
Central America and
southern Mexico. The
Central American pine-oak forests
Central American pine-oak forests occupy an area
of 111,400 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi),[29] extending
along the mountainous spine of Central America, extending from the
Sierra Madre de
Chiapas
Chiapas in Mexico's
Chiapas
Chiapas state through the
highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and
Honduras
Honduras to central
Nicaragua. The pine-oak forests lie between 600–1,800 metres
(2,000–5,900 ft) elevation,[29] and are surrounded at lower
elevations by tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests. Higher
elevations above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) are usually covered with
Central American montane forests. The Central American pine-oak
forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North
America including oak, pine, fir, and cypress.
Laurel forest
Laurel forest is the most common type of Central American temperate
evergreen cloud forest, found in almost all Central American
countries, normally more than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above sea
level. Tree species include evergreen oaks, members of the laurel
family, and species of Weinmannia, Drimys, and Magnolia.[30] The cloud
forest of Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala, is the largest in Central
America. In some areas of southeastern
Honduras
Honduras there are cloud
forests, the largest located near the border with Nicaragua. In
Nicaragua, cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras,
but many were cleared to grow coffee. There are still some temperate
evergreen hills in the north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific
coastal zone of
Central America
Central America is on the
Mombacho
Mombacho volcano in
Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, there are laurel forests in the Cordillera
de
Tilarán
Tilarán and Volcán Arenal, called Monteverde, also in the
Cordillera de Talamanca.
The
Central American montane forests
Central American montane forests are an ecoregion of the tropical
and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, as defined by the World
Wildlife Fund.[31] These forests are of the moist deciduous and the
semi-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist
broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer
wet season and a cooler winter dry season. Central American montane
forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from
1,800–4,000 metres (5,900–13,100 ft), on the summits and
slopes of the highest mountains in
Central America
Central America ranging from
Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, to
northern Nicaragua. The entire ecoregion covers an area of 13,200
square kilometers (5,100 sq mi) and has a temperate climate
with relatively high precipitation levels.[31]
Fauna[edit]
See also:
List of Central American mammals
List of Central American mammals and List of Central
American monkey species
Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves
but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often
endemic fauna. Almost half of the bird population of the Talamancan
montane forests in
Costa Rica
Costa Rica and
Panama
Panama are endemic to this region.
Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably the resplendent
quetzal (Pharomacrus mocinno), three-wattled bellbird (Procnias
tricarunculata), bare-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus
glabricollis), and black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor). Many of the
amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. The
golden toad that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde
Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been
seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN. The exact
causes for its extincition are unknown. Global warming may have played
a role, because the development of fog that is typical for this area
may have been compromised. Seven small mammals are endemic to the
Costa Rica-Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest
region. Jaguars, cougars, spider monkeys, as well as tapirs, and
anteaters live in the woods of Central America.[30] The Central
American red brocket is a brocket deer found in Central America's
tropical forest.
Geology[edit]
Central America
Central America and the
Caribbean
Caribbean Plate
See also:
Central America
Central America Volcanic Arc, List of earthquakes in Costa
Rica, List of earthquakes in El Salvador, List of earthquakes in
Guatemala, and List of earthquakes in Nicaragua
Central America
Central America is geologically very active, with volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes occurring frequently, and tsunamis occurring
occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these
natural disasters.
Most of
Central America
Central America rests atop the
Caribbean
Caribbean Plate. This tectonic
plate converges with the Cocos, Nazca, and North American plates to
form the Middle America Trench, a major subduction zone. The Middle
America Trench is situated some 60–160 kilometers (37–99 mi)
off the Pacific coast of
Central America
Central America and runs roughly parallel to
it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic
activity at the Middle America Trench.[32] For example, subduction of
the
Cocos Plate
Cocos Plate beneath the
North American Plate
North American Plate at the Middle America
Trench is believed to have caused the 1985
Mexico
Mexico City earthquake that
killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle
America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in 1902, 1942,
1956, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2014, and many other earthquakes
throughout Central America.
The
Middle America Trench
Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity
in Central America. The
Motagua Fault
Motagua Fault is an onshore continuation of
the
Cayman Trough
Cayman Trough which forms part of the tectonic boundary between
the
North American Plate
North American Plate and the
Caribbean
Caribbean Plate. This transform fault
cuts right across
Guatemala
Guatemala and then continues offshore until it
merges with the
Middle America Trench
Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of
Mexico, near Acapulco. Seismic activity at the
Motagua Fault
Motagua Fault has been
responsible for earthquakes in 1717, 1773, 1902, 1976, 1980, and 2009.
Another onshore continuation of the
Cayman Trough
Cayman Trough is the
Chixoy-Polochic Fault, which runs parallel to, and roughly 80
kilometers (50 mi) to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though
less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the
Chixoy-Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very
large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala.[33]
Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in
1931 and 1972.
Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 the
Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3
villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under
pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic
lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the
agriculturally productive highland areas.
Demographics[edit]
See also:
Ethnic groups in Central America
Ethnic groups in Central America and Latin Americans
The population of
Central America
Central America is estimated at 47,448,333 as of
2016.[34] With an area of 523,780 square kilometers
(202,230 sq mi),[2] it has a population density of 81 per
square kilometer (210/sq mi).
Countries of Central America
Name of territory,
with flag
Area
(km²)[35]
Population
(2016 est.)[34]
Population
density
(per km²)
Capital
Official
language
Human Development Index
Belize
7004229660000000000♠22,966
366,954
7001130000000000000♠13
Belmopan
English
0,715 High
Costa Rica
7004511000000000000♠51,100
4,857,274
7001820000000000000♠82
San José
Spanish
0,766 High
El Salvador
7004210400000000000♠21,040
6,344,722
7002292000000000000♠292
San Salvador
Spanish
0,666 Medium
Guatemala
7005108890000000000♠108,890
16,582,469
7002129000000000000♠129
Guatemala
Guatemala City
Spanish
0,627 Medium
Honduras
7005112090000000000♠112,090
9,112,867
7001670000000000000♠67
Tegucigalpa
Spanish
0,606 Medium
Nicaragua
7005130373000000000♠130,373
6,149,928
7001440000000000000♠44
Managua
Spanish
0,631 Medium
Panama
7004782000000000000♠78,200
4,034,119
7001440000000000000♠44
Panama
Panama City
Spanish
0,780 High
Total
7005523780000000000♠523,780
7007474483330000000♠47,448,333
7001800000000000000♠80
-
-
-
Largest metropolitan areas in Central America
City
Country
Population
Census Year
% of National
population
(1)
Guatemala
Guatemala City
Guatemala
5,700,000
2010
26%
(2) San Salvador
El Salvador
2,415,217
2009
39%
(3) Managua
Nicaragua
1,918,000
2012
34%
(4) Tegucigalpa
Honduras
1,819,000
2010
24%
(5) San Pedro Sula
Honduras
1,600,000
2010
21%+4
(6)
Panama
Panama City
Panama
1,400,000
2010
37%
(7) San José
Costa Rica
1,275,000
2013
30%
Languages[edit]
Linguistic variations of classic Central American Spanish.
See also: Central American Spanish
The official language majority in all Central American countries is
Spanish, except in Belize, where the official language is English.
Mayan languages
Mayan languages constitute a language family consisting of about 26
related languages.
Guatemala
Guatemala formally recognized 21 of these in 1996.
Xinca and Garifuna are also present in Central America.
Languages in
Central America
Central America (2010)
Pos.
Countries
Population
% Spanish
% Mayan languages
% English
% Xinca
% Garifuna
1
Guatemala
17,284,000
64.7%
34.3%
0.0%
0.7%
0.3%
2
Honduras
8,447,000
97.1%
2.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
3
El Salvador
6,108,000
99.0%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4
Nicaragua
6,028,000
87.4%
7.1%
5.5%
0.0%
0.0%
5
Costa Rica
4,726,000
97.2%
1.8%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
6
Panamá
3,652,000
86.8%
9.2%
4.0%
0.0
0.0%
7
Belize
334,000
52.1%
8.9%
37.0%
0.0%
2.0%
Ethnic groups[edit]
Central America
Central America map of indigenous people before European contact
This region of the continent is very rich in terms of ethnic groups.
The majority of the population is mestizo, with sizable Mayan and
White populations present, including Xinca and Garifuna minorities.
The immigration of Arabs, Jews, Chinese, Europeans and others brought
additional groups to the area.
Ethnic groups in Central America
Ethnic groups in Central America (2010)
Country
Population1
% Amerindian
% White
% Mestizo/Mixed
% Black
% Other
Belize
324,528
6.3%
5.0%
49.6%
32.0%
4.1%
Costa Rica
4,301,712
4.0%
65.8%
13.8%
7.2%
9.0%
El Salvador
6,340,889
1.0%
12.0%
86.0%
0.0%
1.0%
Guatemala
15,700,000
38.5%
18.5%
40.0%
1.0%
2.0%
Honduras
8,143,564
6.0%
5.5%
82.0%
6.0%
0.5%
Nicaragua
5,815,500
5.0%
17.0%
69.0%
9.0%
0.0%
Panama
3,474,562
6.0%
10.0%
65.0%
14.0%
5.0%
Total
42,682,190
16.24%
20.18%
58.05%
4.43%
1.17%
Religious groups[edit]
Further information: Anglican Church in Central America, Bahá'í
Faith in Central America, Buddhism in Central America, and Roman
Catholicism in North America
The predominant religion in
Central America
Central America is Christianity
(95.6%).[36] Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central
America in the 16th century, Roman Catholicism became the most popular
religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century. Since
the 1960s, there has been an increase in other Christian groups,
particularly Protestantism, as well as other religious organizations,
and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion.[37]
Countries
% Roman Catholicism
(2010)
% Protestantism
(2010)
% Non-affiliated
(2010)
% Other
(2010)
Belize
40%
31%
15%
14%
Costa Rica
69%
17%
11%
3%
El Salvador
46%
29%
24%
1%
Guatemala
47%
39%
12%
2%
Honduras
52%
35%
10%
3%
Nicaragua
58%
23%
13%
4%
Panama
77%
14%
6%
3%
Culture[edit]
Central American music
Central American cuisine
List of cuisines of the
Americas
Americas – Central American cuisine
Sport[edit]
Central American Games
Central American and
Caribbean
Caribbean Games
1926
Central American and Caribbean Games – the first time this
event occurred
Central American Football Union
Surfing
Politics[edit]
Central American Integration[edit]
Central American
Integration System
Sistema de
Integración Centroamericana
Coat of arms
Motto(s): "Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy"
Anthem: La Granadera
Countries
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Dominican Republic
Area
• Total
560,988 km2 (216,599 sq mi)
Population
• Total
50,807,778
• Density
91/km2 (230/sq mi)
Main article: Central American Integration System
Central America
Central America is currently undergoing a process of political,
economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the
creation of the Central American Court of Justice.
In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the
San Salvador
San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of
Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited
by conflicts between several member states.
In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation
of the
Central American Integration System
Central American Integration System (Sistema para la
Integración Centroamericana, or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal
basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership
includes the 7 nations of
Central America
Central America plus the Dominican Republic,
a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean.
Central American flags
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Belize
On 6 December 2008 SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common
currency and common passport for the member nations.[38] No timeline
for implementation was discussed.
Central America
Central America already has several supranational institutions such as
the Central American Parliament, the Central American Bank for
Economic Integration and the Central American Common Market.
On 22 July 2011 President
Mauricio Funes
.jpg/440px-Mauricio_Funes_(Brasilia,_May_2008).jpg)
Mauricio Funes of
El Salvador
El Salvador became the
first president pro tempore to SICA.
El Salvador
El Salvador also became the
headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building.[39]
Foreign relations[edit]
See also: China–
Latin America
Latin America relations
Until recently, all Central American countries have maintained
diplomatic relations with
Taiwan
Taiwan instead of China. President Óscar
Arias of Costa Rica, however, established diplomatic relations with
China in 2007, severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[40] After
breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017, Panama
established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of
China.[41]
Central American Parliament[edit]
Flag of the Central American Parliament
Main article: Central American Parliament
The
Central American Parliament
Central American Parliament (also known as PARLACEN) is a
political and parliamentary body of SICA. The parliament started
around 1980, and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in
Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Although the group was
disbanded in 1986, ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained,
so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American
Parliament and other political bodies. Its original members were
Guatemala, El Salvador,
Nicaragua
Nicaragua and Honduras. The parliament is the
political organ of Central America, and is part of SICA. New members
have since then joined including
Panama
Panama and the Dominican Republic.
Economy[edit]
See also: Economy of Belize, Economy of Costa Rica, Economy of El
Salvador, Economy of Guatemala, Economy of Honduras, Economy of
Nicaragua, and Economy of Panama
Signed in 2004, the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) is
an agreement between the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. The treaty
is aimed at promoting free trade among its members.
Guatemala
Guatemala has the largest economy in the region.[42][43] Its main
exports are coffee, sugar, bananas, petroleum, clothing, and cardamom.
Of its 10.29 billion dollar annual exports,[44] 40.2% go to the United
States, 11.1% to neighboring El Salvador, 8% to Honduras, 5.5% to
Mexico, 4.7% to Nicaragua, and 4.3% to Costa Rica.[45]
Economic growth in
Central America
Central America is projected to slow slightly in
2014–15, as country-specific domestic factors offset the positive
effects from stronger economic activity in the United States.[9]
Economy size for Latin American countries per Gross domestic product
Country
GDP (nominal)[42][a]
GDP (nominal) per capita[46][47]
GDP (PPP)[43][a]
Belize
1,552
$4,602
2,914
Costa Rica
44,313
$10,432
57,955
El Salvador
24,421
$3,875
46,050
Guatemala
50,303
$3,512
78,012
Honduras
18,320
$2,323
37,408
Nicaragua
7,695
$1,839
19,827
Panama
34,517
$10,838
55,124
Tourism[edit]
See also: Tourism in Belize, Tourism in Costa Rica,
Ecotourism
Ecotourism in
Costa Rica, and Tourism in Panama
The
Great Blue Hole
Great Blue Hole off the coast of
Belize
Belize is a prime ecotourism
destination. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Semuc Champey, Guatemala.
Tourism in
Belize
Belize has grown considerably in more recent times, and it
is now the second largest industry in the nation. Belizean Prime
Minister
Dean Barrow
.jpg/440px-Belizean_Prime_Minister,_Dean_Barrow_in_London,_27_June_2013_(cropped).jpg)
Dean Barrow has stated his intention to use tourism to combat
poverty throughout the country.[48] The growth in tourism has
positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance
industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for
Belize's tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation
welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first
time in its history in 2012.[49]
Belize
Belize is also the only country in
Central America
Central America with English as its official language, making this
country a comfortable destination for English-speaking tourists.[50]
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America.[51] Tourism
in
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the
country,[52] having become the largest source of foreign revenue by
1995.[53] Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than
bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined.[54] The tourism boom
began in 1987,[53] with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in
1988, through 1.03 million in 1999, to a historical record of 2.43
million foreign visitors and $1.92-billion in revenue in 2013.[51] In
2012 tourism contributed with 12.5% of the country's GDP and it was
responsible for 11.7% of direct and indirect employment.[55]
Tourism in
Nicaragua
Nicaragua has grown considerably recently, and it is now
the second largest industry in the nation. Nicaraguan President Daniel
Ortega has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty
throughout the country.[56] The growth in tourism has positively
affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well
as the construction industry. The results for Nicaragua's
tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation
welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time
in its history in 2010.[57]
Transport[edit]
See also: Transport in Belize, Transport in Costa Rica, Transport in
El Salvador, Transport in Guatemala, Transport in Honduras, Transport
in Nicaragua, and Transport in Panama
Roads[edit]
See also: Roads in Belize
The
Inter-American Highway
Inter-American Highway is the Central American section of the
Pan-American Highway, and spans 5,470 kilometers (3,400 mi)
between Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and
Panama
Panama City, Panama. Because of the
87 kilometers (54 mi) break in the highway known as the Darién
Gap, it is not possible to cross between
Central America
Central America and South
America in an automobile.
Waterways[edit]
See also: Category:Water transport in Belize, Category:Water transport
in Costa Rica, Category:Water transport in Guatemala, Category:Water
transport in Honduras, Category:Water transport in Nicaragua,
Category:Water transport in Panama, List of rivers of Belize, List of
rivers of Costa Rica, List of rivers of El Salvador, List of rivers of
Guatemala, List of rivers of Honduras, List of rivers of Nicaragua,
List of rivers of Panama, Ecocanal,
Nicaragua
Nicaragua Canal, and
Panama
Panama Canal
Ports and harbors[edit]
See also: Ports of Belize, Category:Ports and harbours of Guatemala,
and Category:Ports and harbours of Panama
Airports[edit]
See also: List of airports in Belize, List of airports in Costa Rica,
List of airports in El Salvador, List of airports in Guatemala, List
of airports in Honduras, List of airports in Nicaragua, and List of
airports in Panama
Railways[edit]
Main article: Rail transport in Central America
See also: Rail transport in Belize, Rail transport in Costa Rica, Rail
transport in El Salvador, Rail transport in Guatemala, Rail transport
in Honduras, Rail transport in Nicaragua, and Rail transport in Panama
City rail in La Ceiba,
Honduras
Honduras is one of the few remaining passenger
train services in Central America
Education[edit]
List of Architecture schools in Central America
List of universities in Belize
List of universities in Costa Rica
List of universities in El Salvador
List of universities in Guatemala
List of universities in Honduras
List of universities in Nicaragua
List of universities in Panama
See also[edit]
North America
North America portal
Latin America
Latin America portal
Geography portal
Americas
Americas (terminology)
Central American Seaway
List of largest cities in Central America
List of cities in Belize
List of cities in Costa Rica
List of cities in El Salvador
List of places in Guatemala
List of cities in Honduras
List of cities in Nicaragua
List of cities in Panama
Index of Central America-related articles
Index of Belize-related articles
Index of Costa Rica-related articles
Index of El Salvador-related articles
Index of Guatemala-related articles
Index of Honduras-related articles
Index of Nicaragua-related articles
Index of Panama-related articles
Notes[edit]
^ a b Values listed in millions USD.
References[edit]
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^ a b IBP, Inc (2009).
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Central America & the
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^
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^ "Central America". central-america.org. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Central America
Central America is located between North and
South America
South America and
consists of multiple countries.
Central America
Central America is not a continent but
a subcontinent since it lies within the continent America. It borders
on the northwest to the
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean and in the northeast to the
Caribbean
Caribbean Sea. The countries that belong to the subcontinent of
Central America
Central America are Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras,
Nicaragua
Nicaragua and Panama.
^ a b "Central America". Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary.
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^ Burchfield, RW (2004). Fowler's modern English usage (3rd ed.).
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^ Butler, RA (2006). "
El Salvador
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^ Butler, RA (2006). "
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Guatemala forest information and data". Tropical
rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts. Menlo Park,
California: Mongabay.com. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
^ Butler, RA (2006). "
Honduras
Honduras forest information and data". Tropical
rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts. Menlo Park,
California: Mongabay.com. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
^ Butler, RA (2006). "
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rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts. Menlo Park,
California: Mongabay.com. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
^ Butler, RA (2006). "
Panama
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^ Astiz, L; Kanamori, H; Eissler, H (1987). "Source characteristics of
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^ White, RA (1985). "The
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^ a b "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org
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^
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^ "
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^
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In historic move,
Panama
Panama and China establish diplomatic relations
^ a b
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^ a b
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^
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^
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^ Data mostly refers to IMF staff estimates for the year 2013, made in
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^ Data refers mostly to the year 2012. World Development Indicators
database, World Bank. Database updated on 18 December 2013. Accessed
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^ Cuellar, M (1 March 2013). "Foreign direct investments and tourism
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^ "
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^ a b Rodríguez, A (16 January 2014). "
Costa Rica
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^ Rojas, JE (29 December 2004). "Turismo, principal motor de la
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economy in 2004]. La Nación (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica.
Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ a b Inman, C (1997). "Impacts on developing countries of changing
production and consumption patterns in developed countries: the case
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^ Departamento de Estadísticas ICT (2006). "Anuário estadísticas de
demanda 2006" (PDF) (in Spanish). Intituto Costarricense de Turismo.
Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, Editors (2013). "Travel &
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^ Carroll, R (6 January 2007). "Ortega banks on tourism to beat
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^
http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html
Nicaragua
Nicaragua exceeds one mn foreign tourists for first time
Further reading[edit]
Central America. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2001–6. New York:
Columbia University Press.
American Heritage Dictionaries, Central America.
WordNet Princeton University: Central America[permanent dead link].
Central America. Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online. 2006. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Hernández, Consuelo (2009). Reconstruyendo a Centroamérica a través
de la poesía. Voces y perspectivas en la poesia latinoamericana del
siglo XX. Madrid: Visor.
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