, native_name_lang = , image = Catedral_de_México.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = , caption = The

Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven ( es, Catedral Metropolitana de la Asunción de la Bienaventurada Virgen María a los cielos) is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Me ...

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National polity A polity is an identifiable political entity – a group of people with a collective identity, who are organized by some form of institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources. A polity can be any other group of p ...

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Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

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Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...

, scripture =

Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...

, theology = Catholic theology , polity = Episcopal , governance = CEM , structure = , leader_title =

Pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

, leader_name = Francis , leader_title1 =

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

, leader_name1 =

Francisco Robles Ortega Francisco Robles Ortega (; born 2 March 1949) is a Mexican prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal since 2007. He is the Archbishop of Guadalajara. Cardinal Robles had previously served as archbishop of Monterrey from 2003 to 2011. He is ...

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Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

, language =

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

, headquarters = , origin_link = , founded_date = Early 16th Century , founded_place = New Spain,

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...

, separated_from = , parent = , merger = , absorbed = , separations = Protestantism in Mexico , merged_into = , defunct = , congregations_type = , congregations = , members = 97,864,220 (2020) , ministers_type = , ministers = , missionaries = , churches = , hospitals = , nursing_homes = , aid = , primary_schools = , secondary_schools = , tax_status = , tertiary = , other_names = , publications = , website
CEM
, slogan = , logo = , footnotes = The Mexican Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in

, is part of the worldwide

Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

, under the spiritual leadership of the

, his

Curia Curia (Latin plural curiae) in ancient Rome referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally likely had wider powers, they came ...

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

and the national

Mexican Episcopal Conference The Mexican Episcopal Conference ( es, Conferencia del Episcopado Mexicano) is an organization of Catholic bishops, known as an episcopal conference. It is the official leadership body of the Catholic Church in Mexico. Organization The organizat ...

. According to the Mexican census, Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Mexico, practiced by 77.7% of the population in 2020. A Statistica survey suggests this number could be lower, suggesting Catholics could make up only 72% of the nation. The

history of the Catholic Church in Mexico The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico dates from the period of the Spanish conquest (1519–21) and has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century. Catholicism is one of many major legacies from the Spanish colonial ...

dates from the period of the

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico or the Spanish-Aztec War (1519–21), was one of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the eve ...

(1519–1521) and it has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century. In the late 20th century,

Eastern Catholic The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (''sui iuris'') particular churches of ...

jurisdictions were also established in Mexico. In many parts of the country, Catholic Christianity is heavily syncretized with folk customs; and Aztec, Mayan, and other pre-Columban religions.

History

The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico can be divided into distinct periods, the basic division being between colonial Mexico, known as New Spain and the national period, from Mexican independence in 1821 until the current era. The era of the military conquest in the early sixteenth century saw the Church's huge effort to evangelize the indigenous population of Mexico in what is termed "the spiritual conquest". As the

expanded into new territories, the incorporation of the indigenous population was a priority for the crown. The growth of the Spanish and mixed-race urban population of Mexico prompted the establishment of the episcopal hierarchy, under the patronage of the monarch and the creation of dioceses in Mexico. Basilica-PlazaMariana

In the national period, following independence in early nineteenth century, Mexico established a legal framework that continued the privileged status of the Catholic Church as official and unique religion.

La Reforma ''La Reforma'' ( en, The Reform), refers to a pivotal set of laws, including a new constitution, that were enacted in Mexico during the 1850s after the Plan of Ayutla overthrew the dictatorship of Santa Anna. They were intended as modernizing m ...

of the late 1850s sparked an extended period of violent conflict between the conservative supporters of the old order and liberals who sought to displace and diminish the power of the Church. The Mexican Revolution was won by largely

anticlerical Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to ...

Constitutionalists Constitutionalism is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law". Political organizations are constitutional ...

and the Church's role in Mexico was restricted constitutionally.Roberto Blancarte, “Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach.” ''Journal of Church & State'', Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4. After a period of violent open conflict over religious matters, Church-state relations returned to a modus vivendi while the anticlerical constitutional framework remained in place. Expansion of Catholic participation in the establishment of religious educational institutions and the creation of a conservative political party, the National Action Party (Mexico), National Action Party, was an important characteristic of the late twentieth century. A new constitutional framework was created in 1992, which reiterated the separation between the Catholic Church and the state and lifted most but not all restrictions on Freedom of religion, religious freedom and the activities of the Catholic Church in Mexico.

Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico

San Carlos Borromeo Repartiendo Limosna al Pueblo by Jose Salome Pina - 1853

The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian church, and its largest religious grouping. The 2020 census reported that Mexico had some 97,864,220 Catholics, which equates to approximately 78% of the total population, making it the second largest Catholic country in the world after Catholic Church in Brazil, Brazil. The country is divided into 18 Ecclesiastical provinces, containing a total of 90 dioceses. There are 15,700 diocesan priests and 46,000 men and women in Catholic religious order, religious orders. José Garibi y Rivera was the first Mexican Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal of the Catholic Church. Javier Lozano Barragán having served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon, was promoted to Cardinal Priest of Santa Dorotea by Pope Francis on 12 June 2014. Pope Francis selected 15 new cardinals for the Church in January 2015, one of whom was for Mexico in the archdiocese of Morelia. Alberto Suárez Inda is Morelia's first Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal. According to an Associated Press story, he "has helped mediate political conflicts and kidnappings in one of Mexico's most violence-plagued states". On 7 December 2017, Pope Francis named Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes Archbishop of Mexico to succeed Norberto Rivera Carrera, "a pastor who had as many detractors as supporters" after 22 years in the post. His installation was scheduled for 5 February 2018. ''The Tablet'' said the appointment was not a surprise because Aguiar is "a towering ecclesial figure in Central and Latin America".

Latin Church hierarchy

Mexico's ecclesiastical provinces were organized as follows, on 28 September 2019: *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Acapulco **Roman Catholic Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa, Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano, Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tlapa, Diocese of Tlapa *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca **Roman Catholic Diocese of Puerto Escondido, Diocese of Puerto Escondido **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tehuantepec, Diocese of Tehuantepec **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuxtepec, Diocese of Tuxtepec **Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Huautla, Prelature of Huautla **Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Mixes, Prelature of Mixes *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chihuahua, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chihuahua **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Juárez, Diocese of Ciudad Juárez **Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera, Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera **Roman Catholic Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes, Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes **Roman Catholic Diocese of Parral, Diocese of Parral **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarahumara, Diocese of Tarahumara *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durango, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durango **Roman Catholic Diocese of Gómez Palacio, Diocese of Gómez Palacio **Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán, Diocese of Mazatlán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Torreón, Diocese of Torreón **Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of El Salto, Prelature of El Salto *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Guadalajara **Roman Catholic Diocese of Aguascalientes, Diocese of Aguascalientes **Roman Catholic Diocese of Autlán, Diocese of Autlán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán, Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Colima, Diocese of Colima **Roman Catholic Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos, Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tepic, Diocese of Tepic **Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar), Prelature of Jesús María *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hermosillo **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Obregón, Diocese of Ciudad Obregón **Roman Catholic Diocese of Culiacán, Diocese of Culiacán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Nogales, Diocese of Nogales *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Xalapa, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Xalapa **Roman Catholic Diocese of Coatzacoalcos, Diocese of Coatzacoalcos **Roman Catholic Diocese of Córdoba (Mexico), Diocese of Córdoba **Roman Catholic Diocese of Orizaba, Diocese of Orizaba **Roman Catholic Diocese of Papantla, Diocese of Papantla **Roman Catholic Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla, Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuxpan, Diocese of Tuxpan **Roman Catholic Diocese of Veracruz, Diocese of Veracruz *Metropolitan Archdiocese of León **Roman Catholic Diocese of Celaya, Diocese of Celaya **Roman Catholic Diocese of Irapuato, Diocese of Irapuato **Roman Catholic Diocese of Querétaro, Diocese of Querétaro *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico City, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mexico **Roman Catholic Diocese of Azcapotzalco, Diocese of Azcapotzalco **Roman Catholic Diocese of Iztapalapa, Diocese of Iztapalapa **Roman Catholic Diocese of Xochimilco, Diocese of Xochimilco *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Monterrey **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Victoria, Diocese of Ciudad Victoria **Roman Catholic Diocese of Linares (Mexico), Diocese of Linares **Roman Catholic Diocese of Matamoros, Diocese of Matamoros **Roman Catholic Diocese of Nuevo Laredo, Diocese of Nuevo Laredo **Roman Catholic Diocese of Piedras Negras, Diocese of Piedras Negras **Roman Catholic Diocese of Saltillo, Diocese of Saltillo **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tampico, Diocese of Tampico *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Morelia, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Morelia **Roman Catholic Diocese of Apatzingan, Diocese of Apatzingan **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas, Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacámbaro, Diocese of Tacámbaro **Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamora in Mexico, Diocese of Zamora *Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles **Roman Catholic Diocese of Huajuapan de León, Diocese of Huajuapan de León **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tehuacán, Diocese of Tehuacán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tlaxcala, Diocese of Tlaxcala *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí, Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Valles, Diocese of Ciudad Valles **Roman Catholic Diocese of Matehuala, Diocese of Matehuala **Roman Catholic Diocese of Zacatecas, Diocese of Zacatecas *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toluca, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toluca **Roman Catholic Diocese of Atlacomulco, Diocese of Atlacomulco **Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca, Diocese of Cuernavaca **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tenancingo, Diocese of Tenancingo *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tijuana **Roman Catholic Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur, Diocese of La Paz **Roman Catholic Diocese of Mexicali, Diocese of Mexicali **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ensenada, Diocese of Ensenada *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla **Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuautitlán, Diocese of Cuautitlán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Ecatepec, Diocese of Ecatepec **Roman Catholic Diocese of Izcalli, Diocese of Izcalli **Roman Catholic Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl, Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl **Roman Catholic Diocese of Teotihuacan, Diocese of Teotihuacan **Roman Catholic Diocese of Texcoco, Diocese of Texcoco **Roman Catholic Diocese of Valle de Chalco, Diocese of Valle de Chalco *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tulancingo **Roman Catholic Diocese of Huejutla, Diocese of Huejutla **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tula, Diocese of Tula *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez **Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tapachula, Diocese of Tapachula *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Yucatán **Roman Catholic Diocese of Campeche, Diocese of Campeche **Roman Catholic Diocese of Tabasco, Diocese of Tabasco **Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal, Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal Catedral_Metropolitana_con_nubes

Eastern Catholic jurisdictions

There are also separate jurisdictions for specific Eastern particular churches within the Catholic Church in Mexic

* the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico (from 1995, immediately subject to the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch) * the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nuestra Señora del Paraíso in Mexico City (from 1988, immediately subject to the Melkite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch) * the Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico (from 1981, exempt, i.e. directly subject to the Holy See)

Regular (monastic) Catholic Jurisdictions

* The Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Rome, Claretians, The Claretian Order.

Gallery

File:Basílica_de_Zapopan_al_atardecer.JPG, Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan File:Catedral5.JPG, Cathedral of León, Guanajuato File:Catedral_Basílica_de_la_Inmaculada_Concepción_2012-09-08_18-20-27.jpg, Basilica Cathedral of Mazatlán File:Edificio_de_Gobierno_y_Basílica_Menor_Catedral_de_Colima,_Colima.JPG, Cathedral Basilica of Colima File:Basilica_de_Guadalupe_Monterrey_17.jpg, Basilica of Guadalupe, Monterrey File:Santuario_deGuadalupe_Mexico.jpg, Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zamora File:Cathedral_of_Nuestra_Señora_de_la_Soledad_in_Acapulco_10.jpg, Our Lady of Solitude Cathedral, Acapulco File:Portada_Catedral_Aguascalientes.jpg, Aguascalientes Cathedral File:Catedral_de_Apatzingan_2019.jpg, Apatzingán Cathedral File:CathedralDivineProvidenceAtlacomulco.JPG, Catedral of Atlacomulco File:02204_Catedral_de_la_Santísima_Trinidad_Autlán_de_Navarro01.jpg, Autlán Cathedral File:Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 2.0.jpg, Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento File:Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Cholula, Puebla, México, 2013-10-12, DD 05.JPG, Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Cholula File:Puebla, Mexico (2018) - 098.jpg, Parish of la Santa Cruz, Puebla File:Taxco Santa Prisca.jpg, Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco File:Sancris08.jpg, Templo de santo domingo san cristóbal de las casas File:Fachada Barroco, Colegio Jesuita, Tepotzotlán.jpg, Templo de San Francisco Javier File:Fachada templo sta maría tonantzintla.JPG, Church of Santa María Tonantzintla File:SantoDomingo12-05Oaxaca109.jpg, Church of Santo Domingo de Guzmán File:Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad.jpg, Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Soledad File:Fotografía de la fachada de la Catedral Basílica de San Juan de Los Lagos estado de Jalisco, México.jpg, San Juan de los Lagos, Basilica of San Juan de los Lagos File:Catedral_de_Chihuahua_-_2013_-_03.JPG, Catedral of Chihuahua File:Catedralchilpancingo2.JPG, Catedral of Santa Maria in Chilpancingo

References

Bibliography

General

*Blancarte, Roberto. ''Historia de la Iglesia Católico en México.'' Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico / El Colegio de Méxiquense 1992. *Cuevas, Mariano, S.J. ''Historia de la Iglesia de México''. 5 vols. 1921–28. *Mecham, J. Lloyd. ''Church and State in Latin America'' (revised edition). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966. *Schmitt, Karl. ''The Roman Catholic Church in Modern Latin America.'' New York 1972.

Colonial Era (1519–1821)

*Baudot, Georges. ''Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chroniclers of Mexican Civilization, 1520–1569.'' University of Colorado Press 1995. *Brading, D.A. ''Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. *Burkhart, Louise. ''The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1989. *Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Habsburg New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 248-50. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. *Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Bourbon New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 250-53. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. *Cline, Sarah. "The Spiritual Conquest Re-Examined: Baptism and Church Marriage in Early Colonial Mexico." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 73:3(1993) pp. 453–80. *Costeloe, Michael. ''Church Wealth in Mexico: A Study of the Juzgado de Capellanías in the Archbishopric of Mexico, 1800–1856.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1967. *Farriss, N.M. ''Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico, 1759–1821.'' London: Athlone Press 1958. *Greenleaf, Richard. ''The Mexican Inquisition of the Sixteenth Century, 1536–1543.'' Washington DC: Academy of American Franciscan History 1962. *Gruzinski, Serge. ''The Conquest of Mexico: The Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World 16th-18th Centuries.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993. *Kubler, George. ''Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century.'' New Haven: Yale University Press 1948. *Morgan, Ronald J. ''Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002. *Phelan, John Leddy. ''The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World.'' Berkeley: University of California Press 1970. *Poole, Stafford. ''Pedro Moya de Contreras.'' Berkeley: University of California Press 1987. *Poole, Stafford. ''Our Lady of Guadalulpe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531–1797.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press. *Ricard, Robert. ''The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico''. Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. (originally published in French in 1933). *Schwaller, John Frederick. ''Church and Clergy in Sixteenth-Century Mexico.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1987. *Schwaller, John Frederick. ''The Origins of Church Wealth in Mexico.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1985. *Taylor, William B. ''Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996. *von Germeten, Nicole. ''Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro-Mexicans.'' Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2006.

Nineteenth Century

*Bazant, Jan. ''Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and Economic Aspects of the Liberal Revolution, 1856–1875.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971. *Callcott, Wilfred Hardy. ''Church and State in Mexico, 1822–1857.'' Durham: Duke University Press 1926. *Ceballos Ramírez, Manuel. "La Encíclica Rerum Novarum y los Trabajadores Católicos en la Ciudad de México, 1891–1913." ''Historia Mexicana'' 33:1 (July–September 1983). *Costeloe, Michael P. ''Church and State in Independent Mexico: A Study of the Patronage Debate, 1821–1857.'' London: Royal Historical Society 1978. *Mijanos y González, Pablo. ''The Lawyer of the Church: Bishop Clemente de Jesús Munguía and the Clerical Response to the Mexican Liberal Reforma''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2015. *Schmitt, Karl M. " Catholic Adjustment to the Secular State: The Case of Mexico, 1867–1911." ''Catholic Historical Review''XLVIII No. 2 (July 1962) 182–204. *Scholes, Walter V. "Church and state in the Mexican Constitutional Convention, 1856-57." ''The Americas'' IV No. 2. (Oct. 1947), pp. 151–74.

Twentieth Century and Third Millennium

*Bailey, David C. ''Viva Cristo Rey!: The Cristero Rebellion and Church-State Conflict in Mexico.'' Austin: University of Texas Press 1974. *Bantjes, Adrian. "Idolatry and Iconoclasm in Revolutionary Mexico: The Dechristianization Campaigns, 1929–1940." ''Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos'' 13:1 (winter 1997), pp. 87–120. *Blancarte, Roberto. "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach," ''Journal of Church & State'', autumn 1993, Vol 35. Issue 4. *Butler, Matthew. "Keeping the Faith in Revolutionary Mexico: Clerical and Lay Resistance to Religious Persecution, East Michoacán, 1926–1929." ''The Americas'' 59:1 July 2002, 9-32. *Camp, Roderic Ai. ''Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico.'' New York: Oxford University Press 1997. *Ceballos Ramírez, Manuel. ''El Catolicismo Social: Un Tercero en Discordia, Rerum Novarum, la 'Cuestión Social,' y la Movilización de los Católicos Mexicanos (1891–1911)''. Mexico: El Colegio de México 1991. *Chand, Vikram K. ''Mexico's Political Awakening''. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 2001. *Ellis, L. Elthan. "Dwight Morrow and the Church-State Controversy in Mexico." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' Vol 38, 4 (Nov. 1958), 482–505. *Espinosa, David. ''Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014. *Jrade, Ramón, "Inquiries into the Cristero Insurrection Against the Mexican Revolution." ''Latin American Research Review'' 20:2 (1985. *Mabry, Donald J. ''Mexico's Acción Nacional: A Catholic Alternative to Revolution.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1973. *Meyer, Jean. ''La Cristiada''. 3 vols. Mexico City: Siglo XXI (1985). *Meyer, Jean. ''The Cristero Rebellion: Mexican People Between Church and State.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1976. *Muro, Victor Gabriel. ''Iglesia y movimientos sociales en México, 1972–1987.'' Mexico: Colegio de Michoacán 1994. *Muro, Victor Gabriel. "Catholic Church: Mexico" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 219–222. *Purnell, Jennie. "The Cristero Rebellion" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico.'' vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 374–377. *Purnell, Jennie. ''Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico: The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacán.'' Durham: Duke University Press 1999. *Quirk, Robert E. ''The Mexican Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1910–1929.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1973. *Rice, Elizabeth Ann. ''The Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Mexico as Affected by the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Mexico, 1925-29.'' Washington DC 1959. *Sherman, John W. "Liberation Theology" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', vol. 1, 742–45. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. *Vargas, Jorge A. "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters," ''BYU Law Review'' Volume 421 (1998), Issue 2, article 6. *Wright-Rios, Edward. ''Revolutions in Mexican Catholicism: Reform and Revolution in Oaxaca, 1887–1934.'' Durham: Duke University Press 2009.

External links

Catholics in Mexico, by state (INEGI)

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Catholic Church in Mexico Catholic Church in Mexico, Catholic Church by country, Mexico Mexican Revolution Mexican culture