An etymological dictionary discusses the

etymology Etymology () The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the form of words ...

of the words listed. Often, large dictionaries, such as the ''

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a c ...

'' and ''

Webster's ''Webster's Dictionary'' is any of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by American lexicographer Noah Webster (1758–1843), as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's n ...

'', will contain some etymological information, without aspiring to focus on etymology. Etymological dictionaries are the product of research in

historical linguistics Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: # to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages # ...

. For many words in any language, the etymology will be uncertain, disputed, or simply unknown. In such cases, depending on the space available, an etymological dictionary will present various suggestions and perhaps make a judgement on their likelihood, and provide references to a full discussion in specialist

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...

. The

tradition A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or ...

of compiling "derivations" of words is pre-modern, found for example in Indian (''

nirukta ''Nirukta'' ( sa, निरुक्त, , "explained, interpreted") is one of the six ancient Vedangas, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas – the scriptures of Hinduism.James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encycl ...

''), Arabic ('' al-ištiqāq'') and also in

Western tradition Eugen Joseph Weber (April 24, 1925 – May 17, 2007) was a Romanian-born American historian with a special focus on Western civilization. Weber became a historian because of his interest in politics, an interest dating back to at least the age ...

(in works such as the ''

Etymologicum Magnum ''Etymologicum Magnum'' ( grc, Ἐτυμολογικὸν Μέγα, ) (standard abbreviation ''EM'', or ''Etym. M.'' in older literature) is the traditional title of a Greek lexical encyclopedia compiled at Constantinople by an unknown lexicog ...

''). Etymological dictionaries in the modern sense, however, appear only in the late 18th century (with 17th-century predecessors such as Vossius' 1662 ''Etymologicum linguae Latinae'' or Stephen Skinner's 1671 ''Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae''), with the understanding of

sound law A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic cha ...

s and

language change Language change is variation over time in a language's features. It is studied in several subfields of linguistics: historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary linguistics. Traditional theories of historical linguistics identif ...

and their production was an important task of the "golden age of

philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as ...

" in the 19th century.

Print

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...

**Robert K. Barnhart & Sol Steinmetz, eds. ''Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology''. Bronx, NY: H. W. Wilson, 1988 (reprinted as ''Chambers Dictionary of Etymology''). **Terry F. Hoad. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. **Ernest Klein. ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language''. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966-67. **C.T. Onions, ed. '' The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology''.

Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print book ...

, 1966. **

Eric Partridge Eric Honeywood Partridge (6 February 1894 – 1 June 1979) was a New Zealand– British lexicographer of the English language, particularly of its slang. His writing career was interrupted only by his service in the Army Education Corps an ...

, ''Origins: A short etymological dictionary of Modern English''.

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

: Greenwich House, 1958 (reprint: 1959, 1961, 1966, 2008). * Albanian **Kolec Topalli. ''Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe''. Durrës: Jozef, 2017. **

Vladimir Orel Vladimir Emmanuilovich Orël (russian: Владимир Эммануилович Орëл; 9 February 1952 – 5 August 2007) was a Russian linguist and etymologist. Biography At the Moscow State University he studied theoretical linguistics ...

. ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary''. Leiden: Brill, 1998. **Eqrem Çabej. ''Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes''. 7 vols. Tirana: Akademia et Shkencave e Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1976–2014. * Armenian ** Hrachia Acharian
''Հայերեն արմատական բառարան''
ictionary of Armenian Root Words 4 vols. Yerevan: Yerevan State University, 1971. ** Guevorg Djahukian
''Հայերեն ստուգաբանական բառարան''
rmenian Etymological Dictionary Yerevan: International Linguistic Academy, 2010. **

Hrach K. Martirosyan Hrach K. Martirosyan ( hy, Հրաչ Մարտիրոսյան; born in Vanadzor in 1964) is an Armenian linguist. He is currently Lecturer in Eastern Armenian in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at University of California, Los A ...

. ''Etymological dictionary of the Armenian inherited lexicon''. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010. * Breton **Albert Deshayes. ''Dictionnaire étymologique du breton''. Douarnenez: Le Chasse-Marée, 2003. * Chinese **Axel Schuessler. ''ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. * Czech **Holub, J., Kopečný, F. ''Etymologický slovník jazyka českého''. Prague: Státní nakladatelství učebnic (1952)

933 Year 933 ( CMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, launches an expedition to Rome to remo ...

**Machek, Václav. ''Etymologický slovník jazyka českého''. Prague: NLN, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny (2010

971 Year 971 ( CMLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Battle of Dorostolon: A Byzantine expeditionary army (possibly 30–40,000 men ...

957 Year 957 ( CMLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * September 6 – Liudolf, the eldest son of King Otto I, dies of a violent fever ne ...

**Holub, J. & S. Lyer. ''Stručný etymologický slovník jazyka českého se zvláštním zřetelem k slovům kulturním a cizím''. Prague: SPN (1992)

967 Year 967 ( CMLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) calls for a council at Rome, to present the ne ...

**Rejzek, Jiří. ''Český etymologický slovník''. Voznice: LEDA (2012 001 * Danish ** ** *

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

**Marlies Philippa, Frans Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim, & Nicoline van der Sijs, eds. ''Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands'' (EWN). 4 vols. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003–09. **Jan de Vries. ''Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek'' (NEW), 4th edn. Leiden: Brill, 1997 (1st edn. 1971). * Finnish ** ''Suomen sanojen alkuperä'' he Origin of Finnish Words 3 vols.

Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...

Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus The Institute for the Languages of Finland,, from which the shortened name ''Kotus'' is derived, smn, Päikkieennâm kielâi tutkâmkuávdáš, se, Ruovttueatnan gielaid guovddáš, sms, Dommjânnmlaž ǩiõli kõõskõs, rom, Finnosko tšimbe ...

/ Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1992–2000 (vol. 1, A–K 1992; vol. 2, L–P 1995; vol. 3, R–Ö 2000). *

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

**Alain Rey, ed. ''Dictionnaire historique de la langue française'', 4th edn. 2 vols. Paris: Le Robert, 2016 (1st edn. 1992). **Emmanuèle Baumgartner & Philippe Ménard. ''Dictionnaire étymologique et historique de la langue française''. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1996. **. ''Dictionnaire étymologique du français''. Paris: Le Robert, 1971. **Albert Dauzat, Jean Dubois, & Henri Mitterand. ''Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique et historique'', 2nd edn. Paris: Larousse, 1964 (1st edn. 1938). **Oscar Bloch & Walther von Wartburg. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française'', 2nd edn. Paris: PUF, 1950 (1st edn. 1932). **

Walther von Wartburg Walther von Wartburg (-Boos) (18 May 1888; Riedholz – 15 August 1971; Basel) was a Swiss philologist and lexicographer. He was the editor-in-chief of the '' Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (FEW). After studying at the universiti ...

& Hans-Erich Keller, eds. ''Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung des gallormanischen Sprachschatzes'' (FEW). 25 vols. Bonn: Klopp; Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Leipzig–Berlin: Teubner; Basel: R. G. Zbinden, 1922–67 (some vols. have since been revised). *

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

** Elmar Seebold, ed. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'' Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language_.html" ;"title="Etymological Dictionary of the German Language"> Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language">Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language__26th_edn._Originally_by_Friedrich_Kluge.html" ;"title="Etymological Dictionary of the German Language ">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language 26th edn. Originally by Friedrich Kluge">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language ">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language 26th edn. Originally by Friedrich Kluge. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013 (1st edn. 1883). **Wolfgang Pfeifer, ed. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen'', 7th edn. Munich: dtv, 2004 (1st edn., 1995). **Gunther Drosdowsi, Paul Grebe, et al., eds. ''Duden, Das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache'', 5th edn. Berlin: Duden, 2013. **Sabine Krome, ed. ''Wahrig, Herkunftswörterbuch'', 5th edn. Originally by Ursula Hermann. Gütersloh–Munich: Wissenmedia, 2009. *

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

** Georgios Babiniotis. ''Ετυµολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας'' Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language 2 vols. Athens: Κέντρο λεξικογραφίας, 2010. **; Ancient Greek *** Robert S. P. Beekes. ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek''. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2010. ***

Pierre Chantraine Pierre Louis Chantraine (; 15 September 1899 – 30 June 1974) was a French linguist. He was born in Lille and died in Paris. A student of, among others, Antoine Meillet, Joseph Vendryes and Paul Mazon, Chantraine became one of the most renown ...

. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: Histoire des mots'', revised 2nd edn. 2 vols. Revised by Jean Taillardat, Olivier Masson, & Jean-Louis Perpillou. Paris: Klincksieck, 2009 (2nd edn. 1994; 1st edn. 1968–80 in 4 vols.). ***Hjalmar Frisk. ''Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch''. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–72. * Hittite **Alwin Kloekhorst. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon''. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 2008. **

Jaan Puhvel Jaan Puhvel (born 24 January 1932) is an Estonian comparative linguist and comparative mythologist who specializes in Indo-European studies. Born in Estonia, Puhvel fled his country with his family in 1944 following the Soviet occupation o ...

. ''Hittite Etymological Dictionary''. 10 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1984–present. * Hungarian **Zaicz Gábor. ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete''. Budapest: TINTA, 2006. **András Róna-Tas & Árpád Berta. ''West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian''. 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011. **István Tótfalusi. ''Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár''. Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001. * Icelandic ** Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon, '' Íslensk orðsifjabók'' *

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

**Alberto Nocentini. ''L’Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana''. With the collaboration of Alessandro Parenti. Milan: Mondadori, 2010. **Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli. ''Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana'' (DELIN), 2nd edn. Bologna: Zanichelli, 2004 (1st edn. 5 vols., 1979-1988). *

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

**Michiel de Vaan. ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages''. Leiden: Brill, 2008. **Alois Walde. ''Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'', 3rd edn. 2 vols. Revised by Johann Baptist Hofmann. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1938–54 (1st edn. 1906). **Alfred Ernout & Antoine Meillet. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: Histoire des mots'' (DELL), 4th rev. edn. 2 vols. Revised by Jacques André. Paris: Klincksieck, 1985 (4th edn. 1959–60; 1st edn. 1932). * Latvian **Konstantīns Karulis. ''Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca''. Rīga: Avots, 1992. * Lithuanian **Ernst Fraenkel, Annemarie Slupski, Erich Hofmann, & Eberhard Tangl, eds. ''Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (LitEW). 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962–65. **Wolfgang Hock et al. ''Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterburch'' (ALEW). 3 vols. Hamburg: Baar Verlag, 2015. *

Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language. Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and othe ...

**''Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského'' (ESJS). 18 vols. (A–zakonъ). Prague: Academia, 1989– . . *

Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writte ...

** '' Sanas Cormaic'', encyclopedic dictionary, 9th or 10th century **

Joseph Vendryes Joseph Vendryes or Vendryès (; 13 January 1875, Paris – 30 January 1960) was a French Celtic linguist. After studying with Antoine Meillet, he was chairman of Celtic languages and literature at the École Pratique des Hautes Études. He found ...

, E. Bachellery, & Pierre-Yves Lambert. ''Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien'' (LÉIA). 7 vols. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies; Paris: CNRC Éditions, 1959–1996 (incomplete). * Old Prussian ** Vytautas Mažiulis, ''Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas'' (1988–1997),

Vilnius Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urba ...

. * Polish ** Aleksander Brückner, '' Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego'', 1st edn.

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula, Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland un ...

: Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927 (9th edn. -

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officiall ...

: Wiedza Powszechna, 2000). ** Wiesław Boryś, ''Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego'', 1st edn.

: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005. * Portuguese **J.P. Machado. ''Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa'', 3rd edn. 5 vols. Lisbon, 1977 (1st edn. 1952). **Antonio Geraldo da Cunha. ''Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa''. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1982. * Russian **

. ''Russian Etymological Dictionary''. 4 vols. Edited by Vitaly Shevoroshkin & Cindy Drover-Davidson. Calgary, Canada: Octavia Press (vols. 1-3) & Theophania Publishing (vol. 4), 2007-2011. **Terence Wade. ''Russian Etymological Dictionary''. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1996. **Max Vasmer. ''Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch''. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1953-58. *

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...

Manfred Mayrhofer Manfred Mayrhofer (26 September 1926 – 31 October 2011) was an Austrian Indo-Europeanist who specialized in Indo-Iranian languages. Mayrhofer served as professor emeritus at the University of Vienna. He is noted for his etymological dictionar ...

. ''Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen'' (KEWA). 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1956–1976. **Manfred Mayrhofer. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen'' (EWAia). 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1992/1998/2001. * Sardinian **Max Leopold Wagner. ''Dizionario etimologico sardo'' (DES). 2 vols. Revised by Giulio Paulis. Nuoro: Ilisso, 2008 (1st edn. 3 vols., Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–4). **Massimo Pittau. ''Dizionario della lingua sarda fraseologico ed etimologico'' (DILS). 2 vols. Cagliari: E. Gasperini, 2000–03. * Scots ** John Jamieson, ''An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language'' (1808), revised 1879–97. *

Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian () – also called Serbo-Croat (), Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia an ...

**Alemko Gluhak. ''Hrvatski etimološki rječnik''. Zagreb: August Cesarec, 1993. **

Petar Skok Petar Skok (; 1 March 1881 – 3 February 1956) was a Croatian linguist and onomastics expert. History Skok was born to a Croatian family in the village of Jurkovo Selo, Žumberak. From 1892 to 1900 he attended the Higher Real Gymnasium in Rako ...

. ''Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika'' tymological Dictionary of the Croatian or the Serbian Language 4 vols.

Zagreb Zagreb ( , , , ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slop ...

: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, 1971–4. * Slovene **

France Bezlaj France Bezlaj (September 19, 1910 – April 27, 1993) was a Slovenian linguist. He was born in Litija.Jakopin, Franc. 1987. France Bezlaj. ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'', vol. 1. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, pp. 258–259. He received a degree in Sl ...

. ''Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika''. Ljublana: SAZU, 1977. (), ** Marko Snoj. ''Slovenski etimološki slovar''. Ljublana: Založba Modrijan, 2003. (), *

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

** Joan Corominas. ''Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico'' (DCECH). 6 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 1980–91 () ** Guido Gómez de Silva. ''Elsevier's Concise Spanish Etymological Dictionary''. Amsterdam–NY: Elsevier Sciences, 1985. () **Edward A. Roberts. ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words Based on Indo-European Roots'', 2 vols. (vol. 1: A-G; 2: H-Z). Xlibris, 2014. * Swedish **Elof Hellquist. ''Svensk etymologisk ordbok''.

Lund Lund (, , ) is a city in the southern Swedish province of Scania, across the Öresund strait from Copenhagen. The town had 91,940 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 121,510 . It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Scania County. The Öre ...

: Gleerups, 1922-1980. () **Birgitta Ernby. ''Norstedts etymologiska ordbok''.

Stockholm Stockholm () is the capital and largest city of Sweden as well as the largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people live in the municipality, with 1.6 million in the urban area, and 2.4 million in the metropo ...

: Norstedts Förlag, 2008. () * Turkish ** Sevan Nişanyan. ''Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü''. Beyoğlu (Istanbul): Adam, 2002. **

Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson Sir Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson (28 April 1891 – 1 May 1974) was an English civil servant, businessman, and Orientalist best known for his studies of the Turkic languages. The eldest son of Major Sir John Eugene Clauson, Gerard Clauson atten ...

. ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish''. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Language families

Afro-Asiatic The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic s ...

& Olga V. Stolbova. ''Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction''. Leiden: Brill, 1995. * Altaic **Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, & Oleg Mudrak. '' Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages''. Leiden: Brill, 2003. *

Celtic Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to: Language and ethnicity *pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia **Celts (modern) *Celtic languages **Proto-Celtic language *Celtic music *Celtic nations Sports Foo ...

** Ranko Matasović. ''Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic''. Leiden: Brill, 2009. * Dravidian **Thomas D. Burrows & Murray Barnson Emeneau. ''A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary'' (DED), 2nd edn. Oxford: Munshirm Manoharlal / Clarendon Press, 1984 (1st edn. 1961). * Germanic **Guus Kroonen. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic''. Leiden: Brill, 2013. **

. ''A Handbook of Germanic Etymology''. Leiden: Brill, 2003. **Frank Heidermanns. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive'' (EWgA). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. *

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...

**George E. Dunkel. ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme'' (LIPP). Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2014. **Dagmar S. Wodtko, Britta Irslinger, & Carolin Schneider. ''Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon'' (NIL). Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2008. ** Helmut Rix. ''

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben The ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' (''LIV'', ''"Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs"'') is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition foll ...

: Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen'' (LIV²), 2nd edn. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2001. **

Julius Pokorny Julius Pokorny (12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was an Austrian-Czech linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities. Early life ...

. ''

Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch The ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW''; "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny. It is an updated and slimmed-down ...

'' (IEW), 2 vols. Tübingen–Berne–Munich: A. Francke, 1957/1969 (reprint 2005). *** Reworking of: Alois Walde & Julius Pokorny. ''Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen''. 3 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1927–32 (reprint 1973). ** Carl Darling Buck. ''A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages''.

University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chicago is consistently ranked among the b ...

Press, 1949 (paperback edition 1988). * Slavic ** Rick Derksen. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon''. Leiden: Brill, 2008. **'' Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages: Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock'' (ESSJa). 40 vols. (A-*pakъla). Moscow: Nauka, 1974–present. **

Franz Miklosich Franz Miklosich (german: Franz Ritter von Miklosich, also known in Slovene as ; 20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovene philologist. Early life Miklosich was born in the small village of Radomerščak near the Lower Styrian town of Lju ...

. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen''. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1886. 547 pp. *

Uralic The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian lan ...

**Károly Rédei, ed. ''Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (UEW). 3 vols. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1986-91.
Zaicz, Gábor. ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete
' (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó; second, revised, expanded edition published in 2021:
The first edition, published in 2006, is available online.

Online

Indo-European languages

– Croatian Etymological Dictionary

– An Online Etymological Dictionary of the English language compiled by Douglas Harper

– Ancient Greek Etymological Dictionary by H. Frisk

– An Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon by Alwin Kloekhorst

– Indo-European Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Gaelic Etymological Dictionary by A. MacBain

– Gothic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki

– Nepali Etymological Dictionary by R. L. Turner

– Romanian Etymological Dictionary

– Russian Etymological Dictionary by

Max Vasmer Max Julius Friedrich Vasmer (; russian: Максимилиан Романович Фа́смер, translit=Maksimilian Romanovič Fásmer; 28 February 1886 – 30 November 1962) was a Russo-German linguist. He studied problems of etymology in I ...

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German: ') is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914, of which roughly a quarter consisted of students ...

(1962), 4 volumes

– Swedish Etymological Dictionary by Elof Hellquist

Afroasiatic languages

– Afroasiatic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Arabic Etymological Dictionary by Alphaya, LTD

– Arabic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki

– Hebrew Etymological Dictionary by Isaac Fried

Altaic languages

– Altaic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Chuvash Etymological Dictionary by M. R. Fedotov

– Gagauz Etymological Dictionary

– Mongolian Etymological Dictionary

– Turkish Etymological Dictionary by Sevan Nişanyan "Sözlerin Soyağacı – Çağdaş Türkçe'nin Etimolojik Sözlüğü" (Third ed. Adam Y. Istanbul 2007)

Austronesian languages

– Austronesian Comparative Dictionary by R. A. Blust

– Indonesian Etymological Dictionary by S. M. Zain

– Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary by E. Tregear

– A Concise Waray Dictionary (Waray-Waray, Leytese-Samarese) with etymologies and Bicol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan and Tagalog cognates

Bantu languages

– Bantu Etymological Dictionary

– Swahili Etymological Dictionary

– Swahili Etymological Dictionary by World Loanword Database

Creole languages and conlangs

– Bislama Dictionary with etymologies by Andras Rajki

– Esperanto Etymological Dictionary

– Morisyen Etymological Dictionary

– Volapük Dictionary

Uralic languages

– Uralic Etymological Database ''(Uralonet)''

– Uralic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Estonian Etymological Dictionary by Iris Metsmägi, Meeli Sedrik, Sven-Erik Soosaar

– Finnish Etymological Dictionary

– Gábor Zaicz, Zaicz, Gábor. ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete'' (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, , first edition. *:Its second, revised, expanded edition published in 2021
is only available in print ().

– István Tótfalusi, Tótfalusi, István. ''Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár'' (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár,

– Hungarian Dictionary with etymologies by Andras Rajki

– Saami Etymological Dictionary

Other languages and language families

– Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask

– Basque Etymological Dictionary

– Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow

– Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary by G. A. Klimov

– Mayan Etymological Dictionary by T. Kaufman and J. Justeson

– Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary

– Munda Etymological Dictionary

– Munda Etymological Dictionary by D. Stampe & al.

– North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

–

Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus The ''Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus'' (commonly abbreviated ''STEDT'') was a linguistics research project hosted at the University of California at Berkeley. The project, which focused on Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics, st ...

– Thai Etymological Dictionary by M. Haas

External links

Etymological Bibliography
of Take Our Word For It, the only Weekly Word-origin Webzine
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED)
at

Leiden University Leiden University (abbreviated as ''LEI''; nl, Universiteit Leiden) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands. The university was founded as a Protestant university in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, as a reward to the city o ...

Internet Archive Search: Etymological Dictionary
Etymological Dictionaries in English at the

Internet archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...

Internet Archive Search: Etymologisches Wörterbuch
Etymological Dictionaries in German at the

Online Etymology Dictionary
(see also its Wikipedia article) * {{Authority control

Dictionaries A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, ...

Dictionaries by type