Erinaceomorphs
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Erinaceidae is a family in the order Eulipotyphla, consisting of the hedgehogs and moonrats. Until recently, it was assigned to the order Erinaceomorpha, which has been subsumed with the
paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
Soricomorpha Soricomorpha (from Greek "shrew-form") is a formerly used taxon within the class of mammals. In the past it formed a significant group within the former order Insectivora. However, Insectivora was shown to be polyphyletic and various new orders w ...
into Eulipotyphla. Eulipotyphla has been shown to be
monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
; Soricomorpha is paraphyletic because Soricidae shared a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with other soricomorphs. Erinaceidae contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of South-east Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.


Characteristics

Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from in body length and in weight, in the case of the
short-tailed gymnure The short-tailed gymnure (''Hylomys suillus'') is a small mammal from the family of the Erinaceidae. The scientific name of the species is first published by Salomon Müller in 1840. Description The upperparts of the short-tailed gymnure are ...
, up to and in the
moonrat The moonrat (''Echinosorex gymnura'') is a southeast Asian species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and gymnures). It is the only species in the genus ''Echinosorex''. The moonrat is a fairly small, primarily carnivorous animal whi ...
. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor. Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally birds' eggs, along with any
carrion Carrion () is the decaying flesh of dead animals, including human flesh. Overview Carrion is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems. Examples of carrion-eaters (or scavengers) include crows, vultures, c ...
they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: Hedgehogs are
nocturnal Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...
, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young. Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.


Evolution

Erinaceids are a relatively primitive group of placental mammals, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a
gymnure Gymnures, also called hairy hedgehogs or moonrats, are mammals belonging to the subfamily Galericinae, in the family Erinaceidae and the order Eulipotyphla. Gymnures resemble rats but are not closely related as they are not rodents; they are ...
) ''
Deinogalerix ''Deinogalerix'' (from Ancient Greek, "terrible/terror" + ''Galerix'') is an extinct genus of gymnure which lived in Italy in the Late Miocene, 7-10 million years ago. The genus was apparently endemic to what was then the island of Gargano, whic ...
'', from the Miocene of Gargano Island (part of modern Italy), was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects.


Classification

*Order Eulipotyphla **†Family
Amphilemuridae The Amphilemuridae are a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Eulipotyphla, from the Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleog ...
***†Genus '' Alsaticopithecus'' ***†Genus '' Amphilemur'' ***†Genus '' Gesneropithex'' ***†Genus ''
Macrocranion ''Macrocranion'' is a genus of extinct mammal from the Eocene epoch of Europe and North America. Exceptional fossils have has been found in the Messel Pit of Germany. ''Macrocranion'' species are often described as forest-floor predators, about ...
'' ****†''Macrocranion germonpreae'' ****†''Macrocranion junnei'' ****†''Macrocranion nitens'' ****†''Macrocranion robinsoni'' ****†''Macrocranion tenerum'' ****†''Macrocranion vandebroeki'' ***†Genus ''
Pholidocercus ''Pholidocercus'' is an extinct monotypic genus of mammal from the Messel pit related to and resembling the modern-day hedgehog A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There a ...
'' ****†''Pholidocercus hassiacus'' **Family Erinaceidae *** †Genus '' Silvacola'' ****†''Silvacola acares'' *** †Genus '' Oligoechinus'' *** Subfamily Erinaceinae **** †Genus ''
Amphechinus ''Amphechinus'' is an extinct genus of hedgehog of the family Erinaceidae, which lived in Asia and Europe during the Oligocene and in North America, Africa, Asia and Europe during the Miocene. Taxonomy ''Amphechinus'' was named by Auguste Aymard ...
'' ***** †''Amphechinus akespensis'' ***** †''Amphechinus arverniensis'' ***** †''Amphechinus baudelotae'' ***** †''Amphechinus edwardsi'' ***** †''Amphechinus ginsburgi'' ***** †''Amphechinus golpeae'' ***** †''Amphechinus horncloudi'' ***** †''Amphechinus intermedius'' ***** †''Amphechinus kreuzae'' ***** †''Amphechinus major'' ***** †''Amphechinus microdus'' ***** †''Amphechinus minutissimus'' ***** †''Amphechinus robinsoni'' ***** †''Amphechinus taatsiingolensis'' **** Genus †'' Ladakhechinus'' ***** †''Ladakhechinus iugummontis'' **** Genus '' Atelerix'' ***** Four-toed hedgehog, ''Atelerix albiventris'' *****
North African hedgehog The North African hedgehog (''Atelerix algirus'') or Algerian hedgehog, is a mammal species in the family Erinaceidae native to Algeria, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and Tunisia. Little is known about this hedgehog, even though the most common b ...
, ''Atelerix algirus'' ***** Southern African hedgehog, ''Atelerix frontalis'' *****
Somali hedgehog The Somali hedgehog (''Atelerix sclateri'') is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. It is endemic to Somalia and Somaliland Somaliland,; ar, صوماليلاند ', ' officially the Republic of Somaliland,, ar, جمهور٠...
, ''Atelerix sclateri'' **** Genus '' Erinaceus'' ***** Amur hedgehog, ''Erinaceus amurensis'' ***** Southern white-breasted hedgehog, ''Erinaceus concolor'' ***** European hedgehog, ''Erinaceus europaeus'' ***** Northern white-breasted hedgehog, ''Erinaceus roumanicus'' **** Genus '' Hemiechinus'' ***** Long-eared hedgehog, ''Hemiechinus auritus'' ***** Indian long-eared hedgehog, ''Hemiechinus collaris'' **** Genus '' Mesechinus'' ***** Daurian hedgehog, ''Mesechinus dauuricus'' ***** Hugh's hedgehog, ''Mesechinus hughi'' *****
Gaoligong forest hedgehog The Gaoligong forest hedgehog (''Mesechinus wangi'') or Wang's forest hedgehog is a species of hedgehog in the family Erinaceidae found only in China. It is endemic to the slopes of Mt. Gaoligong in the Yunnan Province, where it lives in subtr ...
, ''Mesechinus wangi'' ***** Small-toothed forest hedgehog, ''Mesechinus miodon'' **** Genus '' Paraechinus'' *****
Desert hedgehog The desert hedgehog (''Paraechinus aethiopicus'') is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. Basic facts The desert hedgehog is one of the smallest of hedgehogs. It is long and weighs about . The quills (or spines to give their corre ...
, ''Paraechinus aethiopicus'' *****
Brandt's hedgehog Brandt's hedgehog (''Paraechinus hypomelas'') is a species of desert hedgehog native to parts of the Middle East and Central Asia. Its common name derives from its having first been described by Johann Friedrich von Brandt, a director of the Zoo ...
, ''Paraechinus hypomelas'' ***** Indian hedgehog, ''Paraechinus micropus '' *****
Bare-bellied hedgehog The bare-bellied hedgehog (''Paraechinus nudiventris''), also known as the Madras hedgehog, is a species of hedgehog that is endemic to dry arid regions and scrubby jungles in southeastern India. As it was believed to be rare, it was formerly ...
, ''Paraechinus nudiventris'' *** Subfamily Galericinae **** †Genus ''
Deinogalerix ''Deinogalerix'' (from Ancient Greek, "terrible/terror" + ''Galerix'') is an extinct genus of gymnure which lived in Italy in the Late Miocene, 7-10 million years ago. The genus was apparently endemic to what was then the island of Gargano, whic ...
'' ***** †''Deinogalerix brevirostris'' ***** †''Deinogalerix freudenthali'' ***** †''Deinogalerix intermedius'' ***** †''Deinogalerix koenigswaldi'' ***** †''Deinogalerix minor'' **** Genus '' Echinosorex'' *****
Moonrat The moonrat (''Echinosorex gymnura'') is a southeast Asian species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and gymnures). It is the only species in the genus ''Echinosorex''. The moonrat is a fairly small, primarily carnivorous animal whi ...
, ''Echinosorex gymnura'' **** †Genus ''
Galerix ''Galerix'' is a prehistoric genus of gymnures. Fossils of these hedgehog-like creatures are found in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Taxonomy Nine species are recognized as members of the genus: *''Galerix aurelianensis'' *''Galerix exilis'' *''Ga ...
'' *****†''Galerix aurelianensis'' *****†''Galerix exilis'' *****†''Galerix kostakii'' *****†''Galerix remmerti'' *****†''Galerix rutlandae'' *****†''Galerix saratji'' *****†''Galerix stehlini'' *****†''Galerix symeonidisi'' *****†''Galerix uenayae'' **** Genus ''
Hylomys ''Hylomys'' is a small genus of the family Erinaceidae. ''Hylomys'' species, like all species in the subfamily Galericinae, are known as gymnures or moonrats. Their closest relatives include the fossil '' Lantanotherium'' and '' Thaiagymnura'' ...
'' *****
Long-eared gymnure The long-eared gymnure (''Hylomys megalotis'') is a eulipotyphlan that is found in Laos. This specific type of gymnure has long ears and a long skull compared to that of others. It is also recognized for its broad forefeet, stout claws, and naked ...
, ''Hylomys megalotis'' ***** Dwarf gymnure, ''Hylomys parvus'' *****
Short-tailed gymnure The short-tailed gymnure (''Hylomys suillus'') is a small mammal from the family of the Erinaceidae. The scientific name of the species is first published by Salomon Müller in 1840. Description The upperparts of the short-tailed gymnure are ...
or Lesser Moonrat, ''Hylomys suillus'' **** Genus ''
Neohylomys The Hainan gymnure (''Neohylomys hainanensis'') or Hainan moonrat is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It was thought to be endemic to the island of Hainan, China where it i ...
'' *****
Hainan gymnure The Hainan gymnure (''Neohylomys hainanensis'') or Hainan moonrat is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It was thought to be endemic to the island of Hainan, China where it i ...
, ''Neonylomys hainanensis'' **** Genus ''
Neotetracus ''Neotetracus'' is a genus of gymnure that contains a single extant species, the shrew gymnure ''(Neotetracus sinensis)'' of China and Southeast Asia. Another fossil species is also known from the Miocene of Thailand Thailand ( ), h ...
'' *****
Shrew gymnure The shrew gymnure, or shrew hedgehog (''Neotetracus sinensis''), is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae and is the only extant species in the genus Neotetracus. It is found in China, Myanmar, and Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ...
, ''Neotetracus sinensis'' **** Genus ''
Podogymnura ''Podogymnura'' is a genus of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. It contains the following species: * Dinagat moonrat (''Podogymnura aureospinula'') * Mindanao gymnure ''Podogymnura truei'', also known as the Mindanao gymnure, Mindanao moonrat, ...
'' *****
Dinagat gymnure The Dinagat gymnure (''Podogymnura aureospinula'') is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. The mammal is ...
, ''Podogymnura aureospinula'' ***** Mindanao gymnure, ''Podogymnura truei''


References

{{Authority control Mammal families Extant Eocene first appearances Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim