The CarterCopter is an experimental compound

autogyro An autogyro (from Greek and , "self-turning"), also known as a ''gyroplane'', is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to develop lift. Forward thrust is provided independently, by an engine-driven propeller. Whi ...

developed by

Carter Aviation Technologies Carter Aviation Technologies (also known as CarterCopters) is a privately held aviation research and development company based in Wichita Falls, Texas, United States. The main focus of the company is developing new technology and then licensing it ...

in the United States to demonstrate slowed rotor technology. On 17 June 2005, the CarterCopter became the first rotorcraft to achieve mu-1 (μ=1), an equal ratio of airspeed to rotor tip speed, but crashed on the next flight and has been inoperable since.Carter CarterCopter CC1 (United States), Aircraft - Rotary-wing - Civil
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Jane's all the world's aircraft ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft'' (now stylized Janes) is an aviation annual publication founded by John Frederick Thomas Jane in 1909. Long issued by Sampson Low, Marston in Britain (with various publishers in the U.S.), it has been published ...

'', 28 June 2007. Retrieved: 19 February 2012. It is being replaced by the Carter Personal Air Vehicle.

Design and development

The CarterCopter is a

pusher configuration In an aircraft with a pusher configuration (as opposed to a tractor configuration), the propeller(s) are mounted behind their respective engine(s). Since a pusher propeller is mounted behind the engine, the drive shaft is in compression in nor ...

autogyro with wings and a twin boom tail, intended as a prototype and a technology demonstrator. The rotor is a two-bladed design weighted with

depleted uranium Depleted uranium (DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope than natural uranium.: "Depleted uranium possesses only 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium, hav ...

at each tip, and it is mounted on a tilting mast, allowing the wing to stay at optimum wing efficiency at all speeds. It is an all-composite design with a hull

pressurized {{Wiktionary Pressurization or pressurisation is the application of pressure in a given situation or environment. Industrial Industrial equipment is often maintained at pressures above or below atmospheric. Atmospheric This is the process by ...

up to 0.69

bar Bar or BAR may refer to: Food and drink * Bar (establishment), selling alcoholic beverages * Candy bar * Chocolate bar Science and technology * Bar (river morphology), a deposit of sediment * Bar (tropical cyclone), a layer of cloud * Bar (u ...

. The tricycle undercarriage is retractable, and has a large travel to allow for landing at up to 20 ft/sec without bounce. The aircraft had been modified and rebuilt after an accident (a gear-up landing) in 2003.O'Brien, Kevin "Hognose"
CarterCopter Advances Towards Mu>1.0 (Part 1)(Part 2)
''Aero-News'', April 2004. Accessed: 6 September 2011.

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeeding t ...

had funded $1 million of the development using three research grants, and the aircraft managed to accomplish at least one of NASA's five goals.Howard, Scripps
Gyroplane adds sci-fi touch to air travel
''

The Augusta Chronicle ''The Augusta Chronicle'' is the daily newspaper of Augusta, Georgia, and is one of the oldest newspapers in the United States still in publication. The paper is known for its coverage of the Masters Tournament, which is played in Augusta. The ''C ...

'', 22 December 2000. Accessed: 25 September 2011
Mirror
/ref>

Concept

The CarterCopter concept is a gyrocopter with an unusually stiff, relatively heavy rotor, supplemented with conventional wings. At low speed, the vehicle flies as a gyrocopter, and can pre-spin the rotor for a vertical takeoff and very brief hover (about 5 seconds),Henry Farkas and Claudius Klimt

''SW Aviator Magazine''. Retrieved: 1 August 2012. and can land more or less vertically. Several technical challenges make flying a slow rotor difficult, but rotor stability is achieved through the combination of the rotor tip weights' location ahead of the blade center line (forward

center of gravity In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the balance point) is the unique point where the weight function, weighted relative position (vector), position of the distributed mass sums to zero. Thi ...

) and the center of lift aft of the blade center line. At high speed (above about 100 mph) the aircraft flies mostly using the fixed wings, with the rotor simply windmilling. The rotor spins with a tip speed below airspeed, which means that the retreating blade flies completely stalled. On a helicopter this would cause massive lift dissymmetry and insoluble control issues but the fixed wings keep the aircraft in the air and stable. The low rotation speed and flat feathering of the rotor means that it causes little drag, and the company claims that the aircraft would be potentially able to leverage the advantages of fixed wings as well as gyrocopters, giving almost all the capabilities of helicopters (except hovering) but with a relatively simple mechanical system. Carter Aviation also claims the system is safer than a typical fixed-wing aircraft, and others have remarked that the design is much safer, much less complex and less expensive than a helicopter, a tilt-rotor or the

Boeing X-50 Dragonfly The Boeing X-50A Dragonfly, formerly known as the Canard Rotor/Wing Demonstrator, was a VTOL rotor wing experimental unmanned aerial vehicle that was developed by Boeing and DARPA to demonstrate the principle that a helicopter's rotor could be st ...

Canard Rotor/Wing A rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft with rotary wings or rotor blades, which generate lift by rotating around a vertical mast. Several rotor blades mounted on a single mast are referred to as a rotor. The Internati ...

. The CarterCopter should be capable of higher airspeeds now only achievable by fixed-wing aircraft, but also able to land like an autogyro in any small area in an emergency.

Takeoff

At takeoff the pilot angles the top rotor flat (zero angle of attack) and spins it to very high speed (between 365 and 425 rpm).Charnov, Bruce H
From Autogiro to Gyroplane: The Amazing Survival of an Aviation Technology
page 329. From 2003. Retrieved August 2011. The rotor is then disconnected from the engine and the angle of attack of the main rotor blades is increased suddenly so that the vehicle leaps into the air. The aircraft's main rotor has enough

momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. If is an object's mass an ...

due to heavy counterweights in the tips that it can hover for a short time safely. The pilot then applies full power to the rear pusher propeller and the vehicle starts to move forwards. As it does so, air is forced through the main rotor, spinning it faster and generating more lift. The vehicle climbs into the air, flying as an autogyro.

Cruising

Once the CarterCopter gets up to a forward speed of about , its stubby, lightweight wings provide most of the lift. The pilot can then flatten the angle of attack of the main rotor so it produces very little lift, dramatically reducing the amount of

induced drag In aerodynamics, lift-induced drag, induced drag, vortex drag, or sometimes drag due to lift, is an aerodynamic drag force that occurs whenever a moving object redirects the airflow coming at it. This drag force occurs in airplanes due to wings or ...

created by the rotor. Although the rotor is unused at high speed, the rotor is kept spinning at about 80 RPM as the rotation keeps the rotor stretched, preventing excessive flapping.Carter - CarterCopters LLC (United States), Aircraft - Manufacturer
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'', 10 September 2008. Retrieved: 19 February 2012. Normally a helicopter or

gyrocopter An autogyro (from Ancient Greek, Greek and , "self-turning"), also known as a ''gyroplane'', is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to develop lift (force), lift. Forward thrust is provided independently, by an ...

cannot fly forward at the same speed as or faster than its rotor tip speed. This is because the low airspeed of the retreating rotor blade would cause

retreating blade stall Retreating blade stall is a hazardous flight condition in helicopters and other rotary wing aircraft, where the retreating rotor blade has a lower relative blade speed, combined with an increased angle of attack, causing a stall and loss of lift ...

, whilst the advancing rotor blade would be traveling at twice the speed of the aircraft, producing uncontrollable flight due to

dissymmetry of lift Dissymmetry of lift (also known as asymmetry of lift or asymmetric lift) in rotorcraft aerodynamics refers to an unequal amount of lift on opposite sides of the rotor disc. It is a phenomenon that affects single-rotor helicopters and autogyros i ...

. However, with the CarterCopter, the fixed wings provide the lift required to remain aloft. Since the rotor is unloaded, the aerodynamic forces on the rotor are very minor. This means that a CarterCopter can theoretically fly much faster than the tip speed of the rotor. The rotors would still experience flapping as they rotate due to dissymmetry of lift between the two sides of the vehicle, but Carter Aviation claims this is manageable. The claimed theoretical maximum speed of a CarterCopter type aircraft is around 500 mph (800 km/h), which would be about twice as fast as the

helicopter A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes ...

flight airspeed record An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which also ratifies any claims. Speed records ...

.Rotorcraft World Records
. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Note search under E-1 Helicopters and "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course".

Achievements

The prototype's engine was normally aspirated, and hence limited to just 320 hp (240 kW) and the aircraft went about 173 mph (270 km/h); which is still ~40% faster than a conventional autogyro but slower than

gyrodyne A gyrodyne is a type of VTOL aircraft with a helicopter rotor-like system that is driven by its engine for takeoff and landing only, and includes one or more conventional propeller (aircraft), propeller or jet engines to provide forward thrust d ...

s of the 1950s. A custom gyroplane can go 168.29 km/h (104.6 mph),Cartier, Kerry.
Gyroplane FAQs
." Popular Rotorcraft Association, 14 February 2008. Retrieved: 3 November 2010. and Carter says the Carter Personal Air Vehicle goes .Jon Tatro.
Carter Aviation repeats historic mark - breaking the mu-1 barrier
" ''Carter'', November 8, 2013. Accessed: November 11, 2013. At 4,000 lbs weight, the CCTD can climb 750 fpm. From 1999 to 2001 there were 4 recorded instances of non-fatal crashes,June 2005 PRA 73 meeting
page 4, PRA73 website July 2005. Retrieved 7 August 2010.Probable cause
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NTSB The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incid ...

'', 6 April 2001. Retrieved: 7 August 2010. while Carter claims 10 accidents over 7 years, all non-fatal.Norris, Guy
Carter claims Mu record, but suffers another crash
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Flight Global FlightGlobal is an online news and information website which covers the aviation and aerospace industries. The website was established in February 2006 as the website of ''Flight International'' magazine, ''Airline Business'', ''ACAS'', ''Air ...

'', 12 July 2005. Accessed: 18 January 2011
Mirror
/ref>

Test pilot A test pilot is an aircraft pilot with additional training to fly and evaluate experimental, newly produced and modified aircraft with specific maneuvers, known as flight test techniques.Stinton, Darrol. ''Flying Qualities and Flight Testing ...

Larry Neal claimed that the CarterCopter is a challenge to fly because it is a combination of helicopter, autogyro and

fixed-wing aircraft A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the aircraft's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinc ...

. The CarterCopter achieved its maximum mu (mu is the ratio of airspeed to rotor tip speed)What is the Mu-1 barrier?
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'', 12 July 2005. Accessed: 18 January 2011.FAQ 5
''

'' of 1.0 for a brief moment on June 17, 2005, the first time any rotary aircraft has reached this level. CarterCopter's pilot claimed that there was no great drama, and mu 1 was reached accidentally due to normal variations in rotor RPM (at 107 rpm) and vehicle airspeed; the pilot described it as 'smooth' with no significant vibration.Anderson, Rod
The CarterCopter and its legacy
Issue 83, ''Contact Magazine'', 30 March 2006. Accessed: 11 December 2010
Mirror
/ref> The tests were performed under a US Army contract. Carter says they repeated mu-1 with the PAV in 2013. However, on the next test flight the same day in 2005, the CarterCopter made a hard landing (crashed),Probable cause
''

'', 25 July 2007. Retrieved: 7 August 2010. causing significant damage, but the pilots were unhurt. The crash was caused by failing propeller bolts which damaged wires controlling the rotor. The propeller was designed by Carter, and was an 8 ft

scimitar A scimitar ( or ) is a single-edged sword with a convex curved blade associated with Middle Eastern, South Asian, or North African cultures. A European term, ''scimitar'' does not refer to one specific sword type, but an assortment of different ...

controllable-pitch propeller weighing 15 lbs and had a thrust of 1850 lbf.Jeff Lewis and Claudius Klimt
The CarterCopter and its legacy: Carter's high performance, hollow-blade propellers
pages 11-15. Issue 83, ''Contact Magazine'', 30 March 2006. Accessed: 18 April 2015. It was initially believed that the CarterCopter was unrepairable; later inspection showed that it could be repaired, but the company chose to work on a small open wingless autogyro demonstrator instead.
''

'', 25 July 2005. Retrieved: 7 August 2010. Also later in 2005 and using lessons learned from the CarterCopter, design began on the subsequent compound aircraft, the

Carter PAV The Carter PAV (Personal Air Vehicle) is a two-bladed, compound autogyro developed by Carter Aviation Technologies to demonstrate slowed rotor technology. The design has an unpowered rotor mounted on top of the fuselage, wings like a convention ...

,Archive 2006
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'', 2 January 2006. Retrieved: 7 August 2010. "For the past several months, Carter has been designing a new aircraft"CarterCopter prototype in the works
" ''Texomas'', 20 December 2006. Accessed: 26 January 2014. which flew in 2011.Paur, Jason
New autogyro is an alternative to flying cars
''

Wired (magazine) ''Wired'' (stylized as ''WIRED'') is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics. Owned by Condé Nast, it is headquartered in San Fr ...

'', 21 January 2011. Accessed: 21 January 2011. The company claims that the testing indicatedCCTD flight test data
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''. Retrieved: 7 August 2010. that the vehicle architecture could potentially outperform helicopters on every dimension except sustained hover, and should be much cheaper to buy and maintain. The company also claims that it also very nearly matches the L/D of fixed wing

General Aviation General aviation (GA) is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as all civil aviation aircraft operations with the exception of commercial air transport or aerial work, which is defined as specialized aviation services ...

aeroplanes at cruise speed - but with near-vertical takeoff and landing. However, jump take-off ability using the stored rotor energy has never been shown to more than about 16 feet with the wing attached.

has made computer models of the CarterCopter rotor above mu=1 and up to 400 knots airspeed.Floros, Matthew W. & Johnson, Wayne
"Performance Analysis of the Slowed-Rotor Compound Helicopter Configuration"
''Journal of the American Helicopter Society''

Specifications

References

External links

* Official websit
Carter Aviation Technologies

PilotBug article

Flight Journal article from 2002

Fan site
{{Helicopters and rotorcraft 2000s United States experimental aircraft Autogyros Wichita Falls, Texas Pusher aircraft Slowed rotor Aircraft first flown in 1998