politics Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...

, a cartel party or cartel political party is a party which uses the

resource Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified upon their ...

s of the state to maintain its position within the political system, operating similar to a

cartel A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. Cartels are usually associations in the same sphere of business, and thus an alliance of rivals. Mos ...

. Richard Katz and

Peter Mair Peter Mair (3 March 1951 – 15 August 2011) was an Irish political scientist. He was professor of Comparative Politics at the European University Institute in Florence. Career Peter Mair was born in Rosses Point, County Sligo, Ireland, and st ...

argue that "parties in

Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...

have adapted themselves to declining levels of participation and involvement in party activities by not only turning to resources provided by the state but by doing so in a collusive manner".

Concept

The concept of the cartel party was first proposed in 1992 as a means of drawing attention to the patterns of inter-party collusion or cooperation rather than competition; and as a way of emphasising the influence of the state on party development. In definitional terms, the cartel party is a type of party that emerges in advanced democratic polities and that is characterised by the interpenetration of party and state and by a pattern of inter-party collusion. With the development of the cartel party, the goals of politics become self-referential, professional and technocratic, and what little inter-party competition remains becomes focused on the efficient and effective management of the polity. The election campaigns that are conducted by cartel parties are capital-intensive, professionalized and centralized, and are organized on the basis of a strong reliance on the state for financial subventions and for other benefits and privileges. Within the party, the distinction between party members and non-members becomes blurred, in that through primaries, electronic polling, and so on, the parties invite all of their supporters, members or not, to participate in party activities and decision-making. Above all, with the emergence of cartel parties, politics becomes increasingly depoliticised.

Contrast with mass parties

The cartel party is contrasted with the traditional view of the

mass party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or pol ...

, where political parties organize around the issues of large numbers of people. Mass parties are often linked to specific groups with specific policy needs and compete in elections to advance their constituents needs. Mass parties traditionally had little formal support from the government and were largely financed and organized from

civil society Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...

the growth of

socialist parties Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of th ...

in the 19th and early 20th century are traditionally linked to the growth of mass parties, who emerged in

working class The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. Working-class occupations (see also " Designation of workers by collar colo ...

communities to advance issues like

universal suffrage Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stan ...

and labor reform.

Reasons for Growth

Decline of Mass parties

The mass party as an organizational model declined in many countries in the later 20th century due to political parties gradual moderation of policy ideas and breakdown of traditional group identities. Party membership has been in decline in many democracies, which has led to a decline in financial and personal investment in parties from the electorate.

Political campaigning

To compensate for decline in popular support, parties have turned to larger and more expensive

political campaign A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or referend ...

s. Parties have turned to increasingly expensive form of campaigning that rely on large amounts of public subsidies and outside political contributions.{{Cite web, last=Hopkin, first=Jonathan, date=January 2002, title=The emergence and convergence of the cartel party: parties, State and economy in Southern Europe, url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228404571, url-status=live, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017152947/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228404571_The_emergence_and_convergence_of_the_cartel_party_parties_State_and_economy_in_Southern_Europe , archive-date=2021-10-17 , access-date=2020-11-14, website=

References