Carlisle Peace Commission
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The Carlisle Peace Commission was a group of
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peace commissioners who were sent to North America in 1778 to negotiate terms with the rebellious
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during the
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. The commission carried an offer of
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, including parliamentary representation within the
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. The
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, aware that British troops were about to be withdrawn from Philadelphia, insisted on demanding full independence, which the commission was not authorised to grant. The Peace Commission marked the first time that the British government formally agreed to negotiate with Congress. A previous informal attempt at negotiation, now known as the Staten Island Peace Conference, had taken place in 1776.


Background

The first attempt at negotiation between Great Britain and the rebellious
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after the outbreak in April 1775 of the
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took place in September 1776, when a committee from the
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agreed to meet with Admiral Lord
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, who had been given limited powers to treat with colonies individually. The limited authority given to both Howe and the American negotiators made it a virtual certainty that nothing would come of the meeting. The meeting was a failure, partly because Congress had recently declared independence from Britain, something that Howe was not authorised to recognise, and partly because the American commissioners had no substantive authority from Congress to negotiate. After the British defeat at Saratoga in October 1777 and fearful of French recognition of American independence, the
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,
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, had Parliament repeal such offensive measures as the
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and the
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and sent a commission to seek a negotiated settlement with the
Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...
. The commission was empowered to offer a type of self-rule that
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had first proposed a decade earlier and later formed the foundation of
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status. The fact that the commission was authorised to negotiate with the Continental Congress as a body also represented a change in official British government policy, which had been to treat only with the individual states. The historian David Wilson is of the opinion that the war could have been avoided if the terms it proposed had been offered in 1775. The historian Peter Whiteley, however, notes that
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would have been unlikely to agree then to make such an offer.


Commission

William Eden organized and served on the commission, but it was headed by the
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and included George Johnstone, who had served as Governor of
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. Walpole remarked that Carlisle, then a young man, was "very fit to make a treaty that will not be made" and that he "was totally unacquainted with business and though not void of ambition, had but moderate parts and less application." Richard Jackson declined to serve after it became known that the United States and France had signed a Treaty of Alliance. The commissioners also learned of the
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before they set out in April. One thing that the commissioners did not learn before their departure was that General Sir Henry Clinton had been ordered to evacuate Philadelphia even though his orders had been issued one month before they left. Carlisle was of the opinion that the administration had done so intentionally since they might not otherwise have gone at all. Carlisle wrote to his wife of the situation: "We all look grave, and perhaps we think we look wise. I fear nobody will think so when we return.... I don't see what we have to do here." Upon learning of the planned withdrawal, Carlisle appealed to Clinton to delay it, but in rejecting the appeal, Clinton cited his orders to act without delay. That prompted Carlisle to observe that the administration wanted the commission to be "a mixture of ridicule, nullity, and embarrassments." Eden was upset for not being told of Clinton's orders since the British intent to withdraw further stiffened American resolve. On June 13, the commissioners sent a package of proposals to Congress, which was then holding sessions in
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. Congress replied by insisting for American independence to be recognised or all British forces to withdraw first from the states, terms that the commission was not authorised to accept. The commission attempted to appeal to public opinion with warnings of widespread destruction but was unsuccessful. Johnstone tried to bribe some congressmen, and the
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challenged Carlisle to a duel over some anti-French statements that he had made.
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denounced the British proposals.
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wrote several essays against the proposals. The commissioners circulated a manifesto, which was printed in the ''
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'' on October 10, 1778. The
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, a leading opponent of the war, objected to the threats in the manifesto and moved to disavow it.


Aftermath

Johnstone sailed to Britain in August, and the other commissioners returned in November 1778. The British, being unable to bring General
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's
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to a decisive engagement, resumed the military campaign and turned to a
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as their next attempt to win the war in North America. A further attempt in December 1780 to seek a diplomatic peace in the form of the Clinton-Arbuthnot peace commission, failed, and there were no further substantive peace overtures until the American victory at Yorktown in 1781. Along with being passed over for promotion and the money promised him from the British to capture
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, the failure of that negotiation effort was a contributing cause for
Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold ( Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defect ...
to abandon his comrades and switch over to the side of the British during the
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.


References


Further reading

* Brown, Weldon A. ''Empire or Independence: A Study in the Failure of Reconciliation, 1774–1783'' (1941; reprinted 1966). * Einhorn, Nathan R. "The Reception of the British Peace Offer of 1778." ''Pennsylvania History'' 16.3 (1949): 191–214
online
* Gregory, Anthony. "'Formed for Empire': The Continental Congress Responds to the Carlisle Peace Commission." ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 38.4 (2018): 643–672. * Rabb, Reginald E. "The Role of William Eden in the British Peace Commission of 1778." ''The Historian'' 20.2 (1958): 153–178. * Ritcheson, Charles R. ''British Politics and the American Revolution'' (1954). xvi + 320 pp * Springman, Kevin T. "Notes and Documents: Thomas Paine's Response to Lord North's Speech on the British Peace Proposals." ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 121.4 (1997): 351–370
online
*


Primary sources

* Commager, Henry Steele and Richard Morris, eds. ''The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants'' (1975) vol 2 pp 691–70
online


External links


Encyclopædia Britannica

Blackwell

''The Real History of the American Revolution'', Alan Axelrod
{{American Revolutionary War , CCTBC 1778 in Great Britain 1778 in international relations 1778 in the United States British laws relating to the American Revolution Diplomacy during the American Revolutionary War United States diplomacy