Carlisle Castle is a medieval stone keep castle that stands within the English city of

Carlisle Carlisle ( , ; from xcb, Caer Luel) is a city that lies within the Northern English county of Cumbria, south of the Scottish border at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril. It is the administrative centre of the City ...

near the ruins of

Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's Wall ( la, Vallum Aelium), also known as the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or ''Vallum Hadriani'' in Latin, is a former defensive fortification of the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian. Ru ...

. First built during the reign of William II in 1093 and rebuilt in stone under

Henry I Henry I may refer to: 876–1366 * Henry I the Fowler, King of Germany (876–936) * Henry I, Duke of Bavaria (died 955) * Henry I of Austria, Margrave of Austria (died 1018) * Henry I of France (1008–1060) * Henry I the Long, Margrave of the N ...

in 1122, the castle is over 900 years old and has been the scene of many historical episodes in British history. Given the proximity of Carlisle to the border between England and

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to ...

, it has been the centre of many wars and invasions. During the Jacobite Rising of 1745–6, Carlisle became the last English fortress to undergo a siege. The castle was listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument on 7 August 1996. Today the property is managed by

English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts and country houses. The charity states that i ...

and is open to the public. Until 2006, the castle was the administrative headquarters of the former King's Own Royal Border Regiment and until 2019 it was the county headquarters to the

Duke of Lancaster's Regiment The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) (LANCS) is an infantry regiment of the line within the British Army, part of the King's Division. Headquartered in Preston, it recruits throughout the North West of England. The D ...

. A museum to the regiment is within the castle walls.

History

Carlisle Castle was first built during the reign of

William II of England William II ( xno, Williame; – 2 August 1100) was King of England from 26 September 1087 until his death in 1100, with powers over Normandy and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending control into Wales. The third so ...

, the son of

William the Conqueror William I; ang, WillelmI (Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 33– 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 10 ...

. At that time,

Cumberland Cumberland ( ) is a historic counties of England, historic county in the far North West England. It covers part of the Lake District as well as the north Pennines and Solway Firth coast. Cumberland had an administrative function from the 12th c ...

(the original name for north and west

Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England, bordering Scotland. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. ...

) was still considered a part of Scotland. William II ordered the construction of a Norman style motte and bailey castle in Carlisle on the site of the old Roman fort of Luguvalium, dated by

dendrochronology Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed. As well as dating them, this can give data for dendroclimatology, the study of climate and atm ...

to 72AD, with the castle construction beginning in 1093. The need for a castle in Carlisle was to keep the northern border of England secured against the threat of invasion from Scotland. In 1122,

Henry I of England Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in ...

ordered a stone castle to be constructed on the site. Thus a

keep A keep (from the Middle English ''kype'') is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word ''keep'', but usually consider it to refer to large towers in c ...

and

city walls A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications with towers, bastions and gates ...

were constructed. The existing Keep dates from somewhere between 1122 and 1135. The tower keep castle is one of only 104 recorded examples, most being found on the Welsh border. Carlisle Castle - geograph

The act of driving out the Scots from Cumberland led to many attempts to retake the lands. The result of this was that Carlisle and its castle would change hands many times for the next 700 years. The first attempt began during the troubled reign of Stephen of England. On 26 March 1296, John 'The Red' Comyn, since the fourth quarter of 1295 Lord of Annandale, led a Scottish host across the Solway to attack Carlisle. The then governor of the castle, Robert de Brus, deposed Lord of Annandale, successfully withstood the attack, before forcing the raiders to retreat back through Annandale to Sweetheart Abbey. From 22 July to 1 August 1315, Scottish forces laid

siege A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characteriz ...

to the Castle. However, the Scottish lacked the resources needed to maintain a siege and withdrew. From the mid-13th century until the

Union of the Crowns The Union of the Crowns ( gd, Aonadh nan Crùintean; sco, Union o the Crouns) was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas dip ...

of England and Scotland in 1603, Carlisle Castle was the vital headquarters of the Western March, a buffer zone to protect the western portion of the Anglo-Scottish border. Henry VIII converted the castle for artillery, employing the engineer

Stefan von Haschenperg Stefan von Haschenperg was a military engineer employed by Henry VIII of England in the 1540s. Career Very little is known of Stefan's career, however he was mentioned as a gentleman of Moravia, and subject of Bohemia, in a letter from the Rege ...

. For a few months in 1567,

Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of S ...

was imprisoned within the castle, in the Warden's Tower. Later, the castle was besieged by the

Parliamentary A parliamentary system, or parliamentarian democracy, is a system of democratic governance of a state (or subordinate entity) where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the support ("confidence") of the ...

forces for eight months in 1644, during the

English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (" Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I (" Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of r ...

The most important battles for the city of Carlisle and its castle were during the

Jacobite rising of 1745 The Jacobite rising of 1745, also known as the Forty-five Rebellion or simply the '45 ( gd, Bliadhna Theàrlaich, , ), was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It took ...

against George II. The forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart travelled south from Scotland into England reaching as far south as

Derby Derby ( ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, which is in the East Midlands Region. It was traditionally the county town of Derbyshire. Derby g ...

. Carlisle and the castle were seized and fortified by the Jacobites. However they were driven north by the forces of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the son of George II. Carlisle was recaptured, and the Jacobites were jailed and executed. That battle marked the end of the castle's fighting life, as defending the border between England and Scotland was not necessary with both countries again one in Great Britain. After 1746, the castle became somewhat neglected, although some minor repairs were undertaken such as that of the drawbridge in 1783. Some parts of the castle were then demolished for use as raw materials in the 19th century to create more or less what is visible to the visitor today. In 1851 the barracks were occupied by the 33rd Regiment of Foot with 10 officers, 150 soldiers, 2 servants and 25 soldiers' wives and children. The

Army An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...

moved in to take hold of the castle and in 1873 a system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted under the

Cardwell Reforms The Cardwell Reforms were a series of reforms of the British Army undertaken by Secretary of State for War Edward Cardwell between 1868 and 1874 with the support of Liberal prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstone paid little attention ...

and the castle became the depot for the

34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot The 34th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1702. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot to form the Border Regiment in 1881. History Early history The regime ...

and the 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot. Under the

Childers Reforms The Childers Reforms of 1881 reorganised the infantry regiments of the British Army. The reforms were done by Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers during 1881, and were a continuation of the earlier Cardwell Reforms. The reorganisation wa ...

, the 34th and 55th regiments amalgamated to form the Border Regiment with its depot in the castle in 1881. The castle remained the depot of the Border Regiment until 1959, when the regiment amalgamated with the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) to form the King's Own Royal Border Regiment. The Army Reserve still use parts of the castle: 8 Platoon C Company 4th Battalion the

are based within the Burma Block alongside a Multi Cap-Badge detachment of the Army Reserve, including Medics, Engineers, Logisticicians, Intelligence and Infanteers from other Cap Badges. Carlisle Castle was listed as (List Entry Number: 1014579) in August 1996, by what is now Historic England. The listing for the Scheduled Ancient Monument status includes "the upstanding and buried remains of Carlisle medieval tower keep castle, two lengths of Carlisle city wall, a 16th century battery, and the buried remains of much of the Roman fort known as Luguvalium, a large part of which underlies the later castle." In 2016, Historic England undertook the first official investigation into the historic graffiti and carvings scattered over the castle site, using

photogrammetric Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant ima ...

techniques to record findings. The ‘Prisoners’ Carvings’ in the Keep, and a medieval door covered in etchings, were laser scanned, photographed and filmed, alongside a Roman altar stone, medieval and postmediaeval graffiti and carvings across the complex, to produce 3D models as a record of their current condition.

Museum

The Castle houses Cumbria's Museum of Military Life. The museum "relates the history of Cumbria’s County Infantry Regiment, the Border Regiment and the King’s Own Royal Border Regiment and local Militia", according to ''Visit Cumbria'' guide.

List of governors

Governors appointed by: * Henry II (1154–1189): ** 1175– Robert de Vaux, Baron of Gilsland (died c.1195) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1174–1183) **

Hugh Bardulf Hugh Bardulf or Hugh Bardolf (died c. 1203) was a medieval English administrator and royal justice. Known for his legal expertise, he also served as a financial administrator. He served three kings of England before his death. Bardulf began h ...

(died 1203) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1199) * John (1199–1216): ** William de Stuteville, Baron of Lyddal (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1198,1200) ** ?-1215 Robert de Ros, Baron of Wark (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1212–1215) ** 1215–1216 Robert de Vaux, Baron of Gilisland * Henry III (1216–1272): ** 1216– Robert de Veteripont (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1216) ** 1217– Walter de Gray (Archbishop of York) ** Robert de Vaux ** 1248– William de Dacre (died 1258) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1236–1247) ** Thomas de Multon (de Lucy) ** John Baliol (later King of Scotland) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1248) ** -1255 & 1267- Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1255,1283) ** William III de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1255,1259) ** –1258 William de Dacre (died 1258) ** 1260– Eustace de Baliol (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1261) ** 1265– Roger de Leyburne (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1265) * Edward I (1272–1307): ** Robert de Hampton (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1274) ** Richard de Holebrok ** John de Swinburn (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1277) ** 1278– Gilbert de Curwen of Workington (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1278,1308) ** William de Boyville (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1282) ** 1295–

Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale Robert de Brus (11 July 1243 – 15 March 1304Richardson, Douglas, Everingham, Kimball G. "Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families", Genealogical Publishing Com, 2005: p732-3, ,link/ref>), 6th Lord of Annandale, ''jure ...

** c.1296 Michael de Harcla (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1285) ** 1302– John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle ** Alexander de Bassenthwaite (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1307, 1309) * Edward II (1307–1327): ** Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall (executed 1312) ** 1315–

Ralph Fitzwilliam Ralph Fitzwilliam (c. 1256 – 11 February 1317), or Ralph, son of William de Grimthorpe, Lord of Greystoke, was a feudal baron with extensive landholdings in the North of England, representative of a manorial lordship seated where Grimthorpe H ...

, Baron of Greystoke (died 1316) ** c.1315 John de Castre (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1310,1311,1316) ** c.1315–1323

Andrew de Harcla Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle (c. 1270 – 3 March 1323), alternatively Andreas de Harcla, was an important English military leader in the borderlands with Scotland during the reign of Edward II. Coming from a knightly family in Wes ...

, 1st Earl of Carlisle (executed 1323) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1311,1312,1318,1319) (Warden of the Western March, 1319–) ** 1323– Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1318,1323,1338) ** John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle (2nd time) (died 1324) * Edward III (1327–1377): ** February 1327– Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth ** c.1332

Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre Ralph (or Ranulph) Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre (ca. 1290 – April 1339) was an English peer. Dacre was the son of Sir William Dacre of Cumberland. In 1321 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Dacre. In 1331 he was appointed High Sheriff ...

(died 1339) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1332) ** c.1337 John de Glanton ** John Kirkby (bishop of Carlisle) ** Sir Hugh de Moresby (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1331) ** Thomas, Lord Lucy (died 1365) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1345) (Warden of the Western March, 1346–) ** Roland de Vaux (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1338) ** Sir Richard de Denton (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1336) ** Sir Hugh de Lowther (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1325,1351,1354) ** 1376–

Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford, ninth Lord Clifford, fifth Baron of Westmoreland (10 July 1333 – 13 July 1389), was the son of Robert de Clifford, 3rd Baron de Clifford (d. 20 May 1344), second son of Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de ...

(Sheriff of Cumberland, 1377) * Richard II (1377–1399): **

Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy, titular King of Mann, KG, Lord Marshal (10 November 134120 February 1408) was the son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and a descendant of Henry III of England. His mother was M ...

(Warden of the Western March, 1384–) ** 1384–1392 Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford (jointly) (joint Warden of the Western March, 1386–) ** 1385– Ralph, Lord Neville de Raby (jointly) (joint Warden of the Western March, 1386–) ** John Lord Ross of Hamlake ** 1395– John Holland, Earl of Huntington (Warden of the Western March, 1398–) (executed 1400) ** Sir Lewis Clifford * Henry IV (1399–1415); ** Henry Lord Percy, surnamed Hotspur, Governor and General of the Marches * Henry VI (1421–1471) **John Skipton (appointed February 1427, died February 1434) *

Edward IV Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in Englan ...

(1442–1483); ** Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later

Richard III of England Richard III (2 October 145222 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at the Ba ...

) (Warden of the Western March, 1471–1485) * Richard III (1483–1485): ** 1483–?1485 William Musgrave * Henry VII (1485–1509); ** 1485–?1502 Sir Richard Salkeld of Corby (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1483, 1495) ** 1502–?1525 Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre (Warden of the Western March, 1490–1525) * Henry VIII (1509–1547); ** 1525– Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (7 years old) (Warden of the Marches, 1525–) *** 1525–1527 Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland (Deputy) ** 1527–1534 William Lord Dacre of Gillesland (Warden of the Western March, 1527–1534) ** 1534–1542 Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland (Warden of the Western March, 1534–1542) ** 1542–?1549

Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton Sir Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (1495 – 23 August 1568) was an English nobleman and a follower of King Henry VIII of England. He is best known for his victory at Solway Moss on 24 November 1542 for which he was given a barony. Early life ...

(died 1568) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1529,1535,1539) (Warden of the Western March, 1542–1549) * Edward VI (1547–1553): ** 1549–1550 William Lord Dacre of Gillesland ** 1551–?1553

John Conyers, 3rd Baron Conyers John Conyers, 3rd Baron Conyers (c. 1524 – 13 June 1557) was a British peer and military administrator. Biography Conyers was born the son of Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baron Conyers circa 1524. He was knighted in 1544. In 1551 he was made Wa ...

(Warden of the Western March, 1551–1553) * Mary I (1553–1558): ** William Lord Dacre of Gillesland *

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Eli ...

(1558–1603): ** William Lord Dacre of Gillesland (died 1563) ** c.1560–1591 Henry Lord Scrope of Bolton (Warden of the Western March, 1560–1591) ** 1593–?1603 Thomas Lord Scrope of Bolton (last Warden of the Western March, 1593–1603) *

Charles I Charles I may refer to: Kings and emperors * Charlemagne (742–814), numbered Charles I in the lists of Holy Roman Emperors and French kings * Charles I of Anjou (1226–1285), also king of Albania, Jerusalem, Naples and Sicily * Charles I of ...

(1625–1649): ** 1640– Sir Nicholas Byron (afterwards Governor of Chester, 1644) ** c.1644 Sir Henry Stradling (Royalist) ** 1644 Sir Thomas Glemham ** 1645 Sir John Brown (Parliamentarian) ** 1645 Sir William Douglas (Covenanter/Parliamentarian) ** c.1648 Sir Philip Musgrave Bt (resigned July 1648) (Royalist) ** October 1648– Sir William Livingston ** 1649–1651 Colonel Thomas Fitch (MP for Carlisle, 1654–55) (Parliamentarian) ** June 1651– Sir Philip Musgrave Bt ** 1658–1659 Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle ** February 1660 – November 1660 Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle

Post-Restoration of the monarchy

* Charles II (1660–1685): ** December 1660: Sir Philip Musgrave, 2nd Baronet (died 1678) ** 1678–c.1685: Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle (died 1685) ** 1684/5:

Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet (c. 1632 – 29 July 1704) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1704, and briefly became Father of the House in 1704 as the member with the longest unbro ...

* James II (1685–1688): ** 1687: Sir Francis Howard of Corby (catholic) ** December 1688:

(MP for Carlisle, 1681–90) * William III (1689–1702): **1689: Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet ** December 1689: Jeremiah Bubb (died 1692) (MP for Carlisle 1689–92) ** March 1693 – 1738: Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle * George II (1727–1760): ** 1738:

Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle KG (14 August 1694 – 3 September 1758), styled Viscount Morpeth until 1738 was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1738 when he succeeded to the Peerage as Earl of Carlisl ...

** 27 October 1739: Lt Gen. John Folliot ** 12 August 1749: Gen.

Sir Charles Howard General Sir Charles Howard KB (c. 1696 – 26 August 1765), styled The Honourable from birth, was a British soldier and politician. Background He was the second son of the 3rd Earl of Carlisle and Lady Anne de Vere Capell, daughter of the 1st ...

** 1752: Gen.

John Stanwix John Stanwix (born about 1690, England; died at sea, 29 October 1766) was a British soldier and politician. Background He was born John Roos, the son of Rev. John Roos, rector of Widmerpool, Nottinghamshire. In 1725 he succeeded to the estates ...

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

(1760–1820): ** July 1763: Henry Vane, 2nd Earl of Darlington ** 22 September 1792: Lt Gen. Montgomery Agnew ** 8 September 1818: Lt Gen. Robert Burne *

George IV George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten y ...

(1820–1830): ** 18 June 1825: Maj. Gen. Sir George Adam Wood Kt. CB * William IV (1830–1837): ** 28 April 1831 – 1837: Lt Gen. Hon. James Ramsay, son of the Earl of Dalhousie (last governor) * Victoria (1837–1901): ''The post of Governor of Carlisle was abolished in 1838''.

Lieutenant-Governors of Carlisle

*1724–1749:

*12 August 1749: Cromwell Ward *19 March 1812: John Farquharson

Arthurian Legend

By some accounts, Carlisle is none other than

Camelot Camelot is a castle and court associated with the legendary King Arthur. Absent in the early Arthurian material, Camelot first appeared in 12th-century French romances and, since the Lancelot-Grail cycle, eventually came to be described as th ...

, the mythical seat of King Arthur's court. In a 14th century poem, legend has it that Sir Gawain, one of the knights of the round table, stayed at the Castle of Carlisle while on a hunting expedition in the haunted Inglewood Forest. He then slept with the Carle's wife and killed him. This poem has strong parallels with another 14th century poem about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The story has since been re-adapted many times most recently in films from 1973, 1984 and 2021.

Footnotes

External links

Castle page at English HeritageCumbria's Museum of Military LifeHistory of Carlisle Castle Prison from theprison.org.uk
{{Governors and Constables in England and Wales Castles in Cumbria English Heritage sites in Cumbria Tourist attractions in Cumbria Buildings and structures in Carlisle, Cumbria Locations associated with Arthurian legend Scheduled monuments in Cumbria Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria Grade I listed castles Museums in Cumbria Regimental museums in England History of Carlisle, Cumbria