The capture of HMS ''Cyane'' and HMS ''Levant'' was an action which took place at the end of the Anglo-US portion of the
War of 1812
The War of 1812 (18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815) was fought by the United States, United States of America and its Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom ...
. The two British warships and fought on 20 February 1815, about 100 miles east of Madeira. Following exchanges of broadsides and musket fire, both ''Cyane'' and ''Levant'' surrendered. The war had actually finished a few days before the action with the ratification of the
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty of Ghent () was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. It took effect in February 1815. Both sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, United Netherlands (now in ...
by both sides, but the combatants were not aware of this.
''Constitution'' and the two prizes anchored in
Porto Praya
Praia (, Portuguese for "beach") is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde.Cape Verde islands. ''Levant'' failed to escape when a British squadron appeared, and was recaptured.
Prelude
The US frigate ''Constitution'', commanded by Captain Charles Stewart, had broken out of
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
late in 1814 in a westerly gale which blew the British blockading squadron under Captain Sir
George Collier
Vice Admiral Sir George Collier (11 May 1732 – 6 April 1795) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. As commander of the fourth-rate shi ...
off station. Stewart then embarked on a commerce-raiding cruise which took ''Constitution'' to
Bermuda
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
and finally back towards Madeira.Roosevelt, p.230
At 1:00 pm on 20 February 1815, two ships were sighted to the south, and Stewart set all sail in chase, in an easterly wind. The two ships were the sixth-rate (sometimes referred to as a "corvette"),Forester, p.203 commanded by Captain Gordon Thomas Falcon, and the Cyrus class ship-sloop (also a sixth-rate) , commanded by Captain the Honourable George Douglass. ''Cyane'' was armed with 22 32-pounder carronades, 10 18-pounder carronades, and two 12-pounder long guns, the slightly lighter ''Levant'' had 18 32-pounder carronades, 2 6-pounder long guns, and a shifting 12-pounder. The crews of the two British vessels totaled 310.
''Constitution'' carried a main battery of 30 24-pounder long guns, and 20 or 22 32-pounder carronades and two long bow-chasers Having earlier detached 20 men to a prize, she had a crew of 410 officers and seamen and 41
Marines
Marines, or naval infantry, are typically a military force trained to operate in littoral zones in support of naval operations. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship (refle ...
.
Comparison of force
(English measurement methods used for the three ships)
Action
The two British ships were at first widely separated. ''Cyane'' increased sail to close on the ''Levant'' and by 5:30 pm, the two British ships were within hail of each other. The two captains resolved to fight rather than split up and try to escape. They at first tried to delay battle until after nightfall, but ''Constitution'' was approaching too rapidly and they formed on the starboard tack in line ahead, with ''Levant'' a cable's length ahead of ''Cyane''. The combined broadsides of the two British ships were slightly heavier than ''Constitution''s, but were fired almost exclusively from short-range carronades, and at the range at which the action commenced, , the effect of ''Constitution''s main deck battery of 24-pounder long guns was decisive against the lighter structure and short range armament of the British vessels.
At 6:10 pm, the action began, with ''Constitution'' to windward, ''Levant'' on her port bow and ''Cyane'' on her port quarter. After broadsides had been exchanged for quarter of an hour, the cloud of smoke from the firing which gathered under ''Constitution''s lee hid the British ships from view. Stewart ordered his crew to cease fire, and the smoke cleared in time to allow the US crewmen to see ''Cyane'' attempting to cross their stern and rake ''Constitution''. Stewart ordered the sails to be thrown aback, and ''Constitution'' instead raked ''Cyane''. As ''Levant'' tried to cross ''Constitution''s bows, Stewart ordered the sails to be filled again, and raked ''Levant'' from astern.Roosevelt, p.231 As ''Levant'' drifted downwind with battered rigging, ''Constitution'' turned again to engage ''Cyane''. At 6:50, ''Cyane'' struck her colours.
Lieutenant Hoffman, the second lieutenant of ''Constitution'', took command of ''Cyane''. At 8:00 pm, Stewart set off to pursue ''Levant'', and at 8:50 discovered the British vessel beating back upwind to re-enter the fight, unaware that ''Cyane'' had surrendered. The two vessels exchanged broadsides on opposite tacks. Captain Douglass then attempted to escape upwind but at 9:30, ''Levant'' was overtaken and also forced to surrender.
Although it was acknowledged that the crews of both British ships had fought determinedly and skilfully, Stewart's ship-handling had been faultless.
Casualties
The US side lost 6 men killed and 9 wounded. Aboard ''Cyane'', 12 men were killed and 26 wounded, some of whom later died of their injuries. Aboard ''Levant'', 7 men were killed and 16 wounded.
It was stated by the British officers, at the court-martial, that the crews of ''Cyane'' and ''Levant'' were for three weeks kept constantly in the Constitution's hold, with both hands and legs in irons, and allowed but three pints of water during twenty-four hours. It was further proved that, after the expiration of three weeks, upon the application of Captain Douglas, one third of the men were allowed to be on deck, four hours out of twenty-four, but had not the means of walking, being still in leg irons; that on mustering the crews when they landed at Maranham, five of the Levant's boys were missing; that, upon application and search for them, two were found locked up in the US captain of marine's cabin.James's Naval Occurrences, p. 465.
Recapture of ''Levant''
''Constitution'' and the two prizes made for
Porto Praya
Praia (, Portuguese for "beach") is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde.Cape Verde islands, which were neutral
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
territory. They reached there on 10 March. While repairs were being made to all three ships and Stewart was preparing to send off the prisoners in a neutral cartel, a large ship was sighted making for the anchorage. Stewart was preparing to engage when two more heavy ships were sighted, clearly too powerful a force for ''Constitution'' to face. Stewart believed that the Portuguese would be unable to enforce their neutrality and his three ships hastily left the harbour.Forester, p.205
The approaching ships were Collier's squadron, which had recrossed the Atlantic once Collier had discovered that ''Constitution'' had escaped from Boston. They were Collier's own ship (50 guns), (50 guns), and (40 guns).Roosevelt, p.206 ''Leander'' and ''Newcastle'' had been constructed in 1813 with 24-pounder main deck broadsides specifically to match the large US frigates.
As the British pursued, ''Constitution'' was forced to cut away the boats which the frigate had been towing. ''Cyane'' dropped back and Stewart ordered her to tack. She did so, and escaped, being ignored by Collier's frigates. ''Levant'', commanded by Lieutenant Ballard, first lieutenant of ''Constitution'', also fell back, and turned back for Porto Praya. All three British frigates pursued her into the harbour and opened fire, while the British prisoners from ''Cyane'' and ''Levant'' seized a Portuguese shore battery and also opened fire on ''Levant''. Although the cannonade was ineffectual, the odds were overwhelming and Ballard surrendered.
After calling at a Brazilian port, where Stewart released his remaining prisoners, ''Constitution'' reached
Porto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...
where Stewart learned that the war had ended some days before he had fought. ''Cyane'' reached New York without incident. The Portuguese later paid compensation to the United States for their failure to enforce their neutrality which allowed the recapture of ''Levant''. Sir George Collier was accused of cowardice or incompetence for his failure to engage ''Constitution'' at Porto Praya, and took his own life in 1824.